Good.
So let's do, then, our transitions.
So we do the constant perturbation.
Constant perturbation.
So as we said, delta H is equal to V,
and it's time independent.
It just begins at time 0.
And we'll examine what's going on by time t0.
So what are we going to do?
We're going to examine a transition
to go from some initial state i, initial state,
to a final state f.
So we don't have to say much about what the Hamiltonian is
or anything.
For us, V is going to have a constant.
It's going to have some matrix elements
that once we do an example you can calculate,
but for the time being we need not know too much.
So I'm going to use the key formula
that was derived already about perturbation theory
and how you get the transition amplitude.
So we know that the coefficient c associated to the m state
to first order in perturbation theory
at that time t0 can be computed as a sum over all n integral
from 0 to t0 e to the i omega mn t prime delta Hmn t prime
over ih bar Cn 0 dt prime.
So let me just say a few words.
You may have seen this yesterday in recitation.
Here it is.
The state has described in this usual language
of psi tilde of t was described as a sum of c ms of ts ms.
And we calculate those in perturbation theory.
So Cn's, we know them at time equals 0,
we imagine we know the initial state
and we want to calculate them later.
Well, the first order in perturbation theory,
the Cn's are called Cn's 1's.
And they're given by this formula.
First order in perturbation theory,
because we have a single delta H,
this omega mn is the energy of m minus the energy
of n over h bar.
And that's it.
Those are all our symbols.
So what do we have to do now?
We have a transition from some initial state to a final state.
So what does that mean?
It means that Cn 0, it only exists when
n represents the initial state.
So I'll just write delta ni.
At time equals zero, system is in the state i.
And at time t0, we're asking for the probability
to go into final state.
So instead of using n and m, we're just using f and i.
And therefore, we'll have m equal f.
With these two facts, the formula
becomes cf the amplitude to first order in perturbation
theory to be in the state f at time t0 is the sum is gone,
sum over n just applies for n equals i.
So i will go here.
We'll have one over ih bar 0 to t0 e
to the i omega final state to initial state.
That's m and n t prime Vfi, because the delta H is V,
and we're going from initial to final.
So fi here.
And then the t prime.
It's all gone.
It's all become very simple, though.
You would say too simple.
We have this is time independent,
so it goes out of the interval.
So we just have the interval of an exponential here.
That's very, very easy.
What is Vfi case vi?
So
This goes out, and we just have to integrate this function.
I'll write it in a way that is simpler.
Maybe you skip a line.
I don't want to just count the factors of is
and doing the integral.
When you integrate this, you get another exponential.
You're going to get the exponential at t0
minus the exponential at zero.
All right, so we don't want to do our integral.
So I'll just write the answer.
I was saying we get an exponential here
at t0 minus the value at zero, then
you take half of the exponential out the form a sign.
This are simple matters, so I will not do the integral here.
You get Vfi over Ef minus Ei e to the i omega
fi t0 two minus two i sine of omega fi t0 over two.
You can believe that.
I think you can believe the sine,
and I have everything here.
The h bar helped turn the omega fi into Ef minus Ei.
So we can now compute the transition probability
to go from the initial to the final stage.
So we'll write it like this.
I to f-- it's a little funny.
I don't know.
You can write it whichever way you want.
Some people like it like that.
I'm going to do it in the sense that the initial state always
appears as a cat, the final state as a bra.
So you draw the arrow like that, more or less
to keep the sense of order in your brain.
But if it doesn't help you, write it
whichever way you want.
Pfi at t0 one is the norm squared
of this coefficient, cf one.
The probability to be found in the final state
has to do with the norm squared of this thing.
So it's this that's part of what was reviewed yesterday squared.
So what do we get?
That simplifies quite a bit.
We get Vfi squared times four sine squared omega fi
t0 over two over ef minus ei squared.
And this is unit free.
This has units of energy.
V is a variation of the Hamiltonian.
It has units of energy.
When you put states, states are normalized
so it doesn't change the units.
And this has units of energy squared, this has no units,
and this is the answer.
A little strange.
There's a periodic variation on the transition probability,
and what does it mean to have a weak perturbation we
can ask already?
And the answer in general is quite simple.
It's a pragmatic answer.
A perturbation is weak if this answer
is very little, very small.
Suppose this probability comes out to be three,
you know it's already too big.
But if this is 10 to the minus sixth times this function,
that's reasonable.
You're shining atoms and one in a million
goes and gets ionized.
That's a reasonable thing.
So the perturbation theory is valid for whatever time
you use this formula as long as this number is small,
and this could be arranged by having Vfi sufficiently small.
I want to understand this function better,
because this is a transition from initial state
to final state that looks like that.
So let's understand it better.
Suppose one, Ef is different from Ei, then how does it look?
Well, it looks like this.
I brought some other chalk not that it helps too much.
But it looks like this as a function of time.
The height here is height four Vfi
squared over Ef minus Ei squared, and it's oscillatory.
It goes to zero again at time 2 pi over omega fi.
OK, so this is the oscillation.
Actually for a small time, this grows quadratically,
and then it starts blowing up.
So here while the initial behavior
would be quadratic for small time,
this actually is quadratic as we will see in a second,
but you can more or less see by the expansion of the sine,
then the initial quadratic growth gets tamed and becomes
an oscillation here.
This is valid for all times if this number is relatively small
so that we believe perturbation theory,
and that's that for that case.
It's also interesting that this gets suppressed
as the energy of the final state is different, more
and more different, from the energy of the initial state.
So it always oscillates, but if the state your transition
is very far away, it is going to be extremely suppressed
by the quadratic factors.
So this is an important suppression.
This is saying that transitions that change the energy
are not that favored.
A constant perturbation doesn't supply really
energy to produce transitions that change the energy much,
and they are suppressed.
So they produce them, but they are suppressed.
The other case that is of interest
is the case when Ef is equal to Ei.
I'm not saying that the state f is the same as the state i.
Not at all.
It's a different state but happens
to have the same energy, and in that case,
we must take the limit as Ef goes
to Ei, remember omega fi is Ef minus Ei so over h bar.
So the limit as ef goes to Ei of this Pif is how much.
I'll kind of do it in my head here.
We have an h bar here that is going to be left over.
One over h bar, so h bar squared.
This is going to cancel.
The four is going to cancel with this,
and we're going to get vfi squared
over h squared t0 squared.
OK, so here it is, the quadratic behavior
when the energy of the final state
is the same as the energy of your original state.
Now, the transition probability starts to grow quadratically.
That cannot be valid for too long time,
because eventually that number grows without bound,
and that number could become as big as 1,
and that transition is not reasonable.
So this is valid up to some max t0.
And it's up to you, depends on what Vfi is,
how long you can trust this.
So this is a growth.
This is the same growth we observe here.
The limit as Ef goes to Ei go to zero
is actually the same as the limit as t goes to zero,
so it's the same quadratic behavior.
So finally, what's going to happen?
What are we aiming here?
Well, we're aiming to the case where
we have in the energy line, we have the initial energy Ei
and then we're going to have a continuum of final states
that overlap with Ei.
They're all over there.
That's Ef all over there.
Of course with our box, if you come with your microscope,
you see lines here.
But they're all there.
There is a continuum overlapping with this,
and now we're going to attempt to sum over the continuum.
And what should we observe?
We should observe that when we add the continuum
physically, what do we need?
We need to find what is called a transition rate, in which you
have the probability of transition per unit time
is a constant.
You see, you have a phenom-- you're
shining light on an atom.
OK, you shine light and you wait.
Eventually the atom ionizes--
photoelectric effect.
But if you have a billion atoms, then you can shine light
and you're going to have a transition rate, basically how
many atoms are going to happen to ionize.
So in order to have a transition rate,
the probability that you transition
has to be proportional to the time
that the perturbation has been acting.
So the probability of transition must grow linear in t.
Therefore, you have a transition rate
which is the probability of transition per unit time,
so you can grow linear in time, so per unit time
you have a transition rate.
So somehow look what's happening here.
When Ef is different than Ei, the transition probability
is not linear in time.
It does this.
When E approaches--
Ef approaches Ei, the probability of transition
goes quadratic in time, and what we want
is a probability of transition that grows linear in time.
That would define a transition rate.
So how is that going to happen?
Well, we'll see it happen in front of our eyes.
The magic of integration is going to do it.
And moreover, we're going to see that
consistent with this intuition, most of the transitions
that are relevant are happening within Heisenberg's uncertainty
principle of a little energy interval here around Ei.
So this will be considered to be at the end of the day energy
conserving transitions.
The Hamiltonian, the delta V helps the transition happen
but doesn't supply energy at the end of the day.
So this is what we're getting to.