- [Voiceover] So we've just computed a vector-valued
partial derivative of a vector-valued function,
but the question is What does this mean?
What does this jumble of symbols actually mean
in a more intuitive geometric setting?
And that has everything to do with
how you visualize the function,
and with this specific function,
given that the input is two-dimensional
but the output is three-dimensional,
meaning the output has more dimensions than the input,
it's nice to visualize it as a parametric surface.
And the way that I do that,
maybe you could call this visualizing it
as a transformation also
'cause what I want to do is basically think of the TS plane,
think of the TS plane
where all these input values live
and kind of think of how that's gonna map
into three-dimensional space,
but when I do that, I'm actually gonna cheat a little bit.
Rather than having a separate plane off there
as the TS plane, I'm going to kind of overwrite
onto the XY plane itself
and plop the TS plane down like this,
and this isn't the full TS plane.
This is actually supposed to represent
just values of T that range from zero up to three,
so each tick mark on the graph here corresponds with a half.
So this is one, that's two, and then up here is three.
Same with S.
S also ranges from zero to three,
and the reason that I'm plopping it
inside three-dimensional space to start with,
kind of overwriting the XY plane with the TS plane,
is just to make the animating a little bit easier.
You could call it laziness.
But the benefit here is what we can do
is watch each point, and each one of these points
you're thinking of is corresponding to some kind of TS pair,
an input point, which is just a pair of numbers,
and we're gonna watch each one of those points
move to the corresponding output.
The output is a three-dimensional value,
a three-dimensional vector or point,
however you wanna think about it,
and what that looks like when we animate this actually is
each one of those points in our square of TS plane
moves to the corresponding output,
and you end up with a certain surface.
And just to make it a little more concrete,
what's actually going on here,
let's focus in on just one point,
and we'll focus in on this point
not just for the function visualization
but for the partial derivative as well,
and the function, or the point rather,
that I care about is gonna be at one, one.
So this point right here represents
the pair of TS
where each one of them is equal to one.
One, one.
And you can start by predicting where you think
this is gonna get output,
and to do that, you just plug it into the function.
This is kind of what the visualization means
as we're plugging this in,
and for T and S, we're gonna plug in just one and one.
So that top part is gonna look like one squared
minus one squared, which becomes zero.
That middle part is gonna be one times one, which is one,
and then over here we're gonna have one times one squared,
which is one minus one times one times one squared,
which is, again, one.
And you can probably see, 'cause of the symmetry there,
those also cancel out, you get zero,
which means the output corresponding with this input
should be the vector zero, one, zero,
a vector that's of unit length pointing in the Y direction.
So if we look here, this is the X axis.
This here is the Y axis.
So you would think it should be a vector
that looks kind of like this.
Unit vector in the Y direction,
and the point of the surface is what corresponds
to the tip of that vector.
This is how we visualize parametric things.
You just think of the tip of the vector
as kinda moving through space and drawing out the thing.
In this case, the thing it's drawing is a surface.
So if we watch that animation again
and we let things play forward,
that dot corresponding with the input one, one
does indeed land at the tip of that vector.
So, at least for that value,
you can see that I'm not lying to you with the animation.
And in principle, you could do that for every single point.
If any given input point, you plug it through the function,
and you draw the vector in three-dimensional space,
as you watch this animation,
it'll land at the tip of that vector.
So...
Now, if we want to start thinking about
what the partial derivative means,
remember this little DT, this partial T,
is telling you to nudge it in the T direction.
So what does movement,
not even nudges but just movement in general,
look like in the T direction for our little snippet
of the TS plane here?
Well, the T direction,
I'm saying is in this direction here
where this represents one, two, three of T values,
and this line here represents the constant value for S,
so this would be S constantly equaling one,
which you can know because it's passing through
the point one, one.
And then otherwise you're just letting T range freely.
And if we watch how this gets transformed
under the transformation,
under the mapping to the parametric surface,
you can get a feel for what varying the input T
does in the output space.
So this whole pink line is basically telling you
what happens if you let S constantly equal one
but you let the variable T, the input T, vary freely,
and you get a certain curve in three-dimensional space.
And if you had a different constant for S,
it would be another curve,
and maybe you can kinda see on the grid lines
what shape those other curves would have,
and they're all, in a sense, parallelish
to this curve corresponding to S equals one.
So if, instead of thinking about movement of T as whole,
you start thinking about nudges,
this whole partial T
is something where we're just imagining
a tiny, tiny, little movement in the T direction.
Not really that much, just a tiny, little move.
It's like you're recording its value as partial T,
so maybe, if you're being concrete,
you'd say partial T would be something like 0.01.
And really it's gonna be a limiting variable
that gets smaller and smaller,
but I find it's kind of nice to think about
an actual value like one one-hundredth.
And then if you let this whole thing
undergo the transformation
and we kind of watch the input point,
watch the line representing T,
that little nudge, that little nudge
is gonna get maybe stretched or squished,
and it's gonna result in some kind of vector
pointing along that curve,
and it'll be tangent to that curve.
The vector that tells you how you move
just a tiny, tiny little bit
will be tangent in some way,
and that vector, that output nudge,
is what you're thinking of as your tiny change
to the output vector, that partial V.
And when you divide it by the tiny value,
if your tiny value was 0.01 and you divide it by that,
it's gonna become something bigger,
so the actual derivative isn't gonna be
just some tiny, little nudge
that's hardly, hardly visible,
but it's gonna be that nudge vector scaled appropriately.
In this case, it would be divided by one one-hundredth
and multiplied by 100,
and it would be something that remains tangent to the curve,
but maybe it's pointing big.
And the larger it is, the longer it is,
that's telling you that as you let T vary
and you're kind of moving along this pink curve,
tiny nudges in T correspond with larger movements.
The ratio of the nudge size is bigger.
So if you were to have a very long partial derivative vector
that's still tangent but really goes out there,
that would tell you that as you vary T
you're zipping along super quickly.
And if we just look at this particular one
that's zooming off of one,
you kind of get a feel for the curve around that point.
You say, "Okay, okay."
And that curve, you're moving positively in the X direction.
You're moving to the right.
You're moving positively in the Z direction.
Not Z, sorry, the Y.
Positively in the Y direction up there.
And the Z direction is actually negative, isn't it?
This curve kind of goes down as far as Z is concerned.
So before even computing it,
if I were to tell you that I'm gonna plug in
the value one, one to this partial derivative
that we computed in the last video,
you would say, "Oh, well, just looking at the picture,
"you can kind of tell that the X value
"is gonna be something positive,
something greater than zero."
The Y value is also gonna be something positive,
and, again, that's because the movement is to the right,
so positive X.
It's moving up, so positive Y,
but the Z value should actually be a little bit negative
because as you look at this curve,
it's going down in a sense.
And with that being our prediction,
if you start plugging in one, one to T and S,
what you'll see is that two times one is two,
S equals one, so that's just one,
and then over here this looks like one squared
minus two times one times one,
so this will be one minus two.
That's negative one, so it is in fact that kind of
positive, positive, negative pattern that you were seeing.
And maybe even from this curve,
you can get a feel for why the movement in the X direction
is twice as much in the movement in the Y.
It's moving more to the right
than it is up in the Y direction.
Then, again, in principle you can imagine doing this
not just at the point one, one but at any given point,
maybe any given point along this curve
or any given point along the surface.
And the corresponding movement,
the direction that nudges in the T direction,
will give you some vector in three-dimensional space,
and that's the interpretation.
That is the meaning of the partial derivative
of the vector-valued function here.
And, again, it's not the actual nudge vector itself,
when you nudge the input
and you get just a little smidgen in the output space here,
but it's that divided by the size of the nudge,
so that's why you'll get kind of normal-sized vectors
rather than tiny vectors.
And in the next video, I'll do kind of the same thing
for what happens when you nudge in the S direction
just to get a better feel for what's going on
in this example.