(upbeat music)
- Hello, lovely students,
and welcome back to English with Lucy.
I have an amazing video for you today
if I do say so myself.
I am going to teach you all of the English tenses.
Lots of you have been asking me for a tenses review,
and I say, go big or go home.
The saying to go big or go home
means to put in all your effort or to do nothing at all.
I'd rather put in all of my effort.
So today in under 30 minutes,
we will go through all 16 tenses.
You will walk away from this lesson
with a much better understanding of all the English tenses.
What is more is that I have created a free PDF
that goes with this lesson.
It's got everything we're going to discuss today,
lots of examples, and it's also got exercises,
so you can put what you've learned in this lesson
into practise in those exercises.
If you would like to download that free PDF,
just click on the link in the description box,
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Okay, so today we're learning all 16 tenses in English,
and I'm going to give you loads of examples
so that you can learn them and use them yourself.
Firstly, I think it's best to have an overview,
and then we can go more in depth into each group.
I know that going over 16 tenses all in one lesson
may seem like a lot and it is,
this is a big lesson,
but they do share a lot of characteristics,
so seeing them all together
can make them easier to learn and remember.
Let's go through them first.
We have the present simple;
I eat chocolate.
The present continuous;
I am eating chocolate.
The present perfect;
I have eaten chocolate.
The present perfect continuous;
I have been eating chocolate.
Then we move on to the past simple;
I ate chocolate.
The past continuous;
I was eating chocolate.
The past perfect;
I had eaten chocolate.
Whenever I say had,
I can't help but go up.
I had eaten. (laughs)
And the past perfect continuous;
I had been eating chocolate.
Oh, I just can't not do that.
Now, moving on to the future.
We have the future simple;
I will have a toothache
after all this chocolate, just kidding.
I will eat chocolate.
The future continuous;
I will be eating chocolate.
The future perfect;
I will have eaten chocolate.
And the future perfect continuous;
I will have been eating chocolate. (laughs)
Last group we have is conditionals.
The conditional simple;
I would eat chocolate.
The conditional continuous;
I would be eating chocolate.
The conditional perfect;
I would have eaten chocolate.
And finally, the conditional perfect continuous;
I would have been eating chocolate.
Can you see how many similarities there are
between all of these tenses?
Now let's look a little more closely,
starting with the present tenses.
The first tense that you learn in English
is usually the present simple,
and that's for good reason.
It's actually the tense that native speakers use
in around 50% of their written and spoken communication.
We do use the other present tenses quite often, too,
so they are all really, really important.
The present simple, I work on Tuesdays.
This is used to talk about general statements,
habits, and facts.
The present continuous;
I am working now.
This is used to talk about actions
that are happening right now.
The present perfect;
I have worked at a pub.
We use this to talk about past events or past actions
that have present consequences.
And the present perfect continuous;
I have been working for three hours today.
This is used to talk about an action
that started in the past and continues to the present.
Okay, the structure of the present simple;
like its name, it is fairly simple.
We have the subject plus the base form of a verb,
except from in the third person singular,
and this always catches most students out
when they're relatively new to learning English.
In the third person singular, we add an S.
So for I, you, we, and they,
it's, I work, we eat, they play, you do,
but the he, she, and it,
it is, she works, he cleans, it smells.
Another exception is be,
the verb to be.
To be has its own forms in the present simple,
I am., you are, he, She, it is, we are, they are.
As I said before,
we use the present simple to talk about general statements,
facts, and habits.
We also use it to talk about schedule events
like plane and train times.
Here are some examples.
I am a woman.
My name is Lucy.
This is a general statement or fact.
Mary meets her friends on Friday evenings.
That's a habit.
The train to London leaves at 8:00 PM.
That's a schedule event in the future.
Our dog eats the cat's food,
and that's habit.
Habit we're trying to conquer at the moment.
We don't know why he started doing it,
but he has since we moved house. (laughs)
I hope all of that's clear.
There are lots more examples in the PDF,
and there is a quiz for every tense.
So please do download that.
The link is down below in the description box.
Right, let's move on to the present continuous.
We use the present continuous to talk about things
that are happening at the moment of speaking,
but be careful in general there is an exception
we can't use state verbs,
words like hate, love, want, for example.
There is an exception there,
and I will mention it.
It's to do with slang.
The structure of the present continuous
is subject plus be plus verb-ing.
It writes subject plus be plus verb-ing.
You can use that.
Here are some examples.
I am teaching English.
They are baking cookies.
We can also use this tense to talk about things
that we think are temporary.
Compare these two sentences.
James lives in Manchester.
James is living in Manchester.
In the first sentence,
I use the present simple
because I think that his state is more or less permanent,
but in the second sentence,
I use the present continuous
because I think his situation might be temporary.
He's living in Manchester now,
but I don't know what might happen
in a few weeks or a month.
Perhaps he's studying there,
or he's working there for a short time.
Now you will hear native speakers
use state verbs in the present continuous in this form,
or to show this meaning.
I am loving my christmas jumper right now.
Love is a state verb.
I'm not meant to use it,
but it means right now,
a trend that I am enjoying
is my christmas jumper, (laughs)
which I must say,
I think this is a very nice christmas jumper.
I actually had another option today.
It was between this one,
which have wore last year,
but I got this one on a secondhand website,
very happy with myself.
Anyway, back to the tenses, (laughs)
you'll also hear people say,
oh no, I'm hating that song right now.
It means it's a temporary state,
some reason right now I don't enjoy that song temporarily.
I'm hating it.
So when you hear teachers say,
never use a state verb in the present continuous
take that with a pinch of salt.
We also use the present continuous
to talk about arrangements.
This means that we are planning to do something
in the future,
and it involves another person or business.
Let me show you an example.
I am having my haircut on Tuesday.
Sarah is meeting her parents tomorrow.
They are plans, but they depend on someone else.
Let's take a look at some examples.
Kate is studying business,
temporary situation happening now.
We are meeting our friend next Friday in Edinburgh,
arrangement involving someone else.
We are driving home.
We are doing this right now in the moment.
It is snowing, for example,
it did actually snow the other day,
it was magical,
but enough about my weather, (laughs)
let's move on to the present perfect.
The structure of the present perfect
is subject plus has or have plus the past participle.
There are three main ways
that we use the present perfect in English.
The first is to talk about things
that started in the past and continue to the present.
It's very important to remember
that they are unfinished actions.
When we talk about these events or states,
we often mention how long they've been going on for
or when they started.
For example, I have lived in the UK all my life,
or she has been at university since 2020;
William and I have been married for three months.
Oh, it's our three month anniversary nearly,
how exciting, (laughs)
the second way that we use the present perfect
is to talk about our experiences up to the present.
When we do this,
we don't talk about exactly when something happened.
We are just generally telling somebody
about our life experiences.
For example, she has been to Canada three times.
We have met the queen.
I have read all of the Harry Potter books.
Finally, we also use the present perfect
to talk about past events and actions
that have consequences in the present.
For example, I have eaten breakfast so I'm not hungry,
or Mike has lost his keys so he's going to be late for work.
Let's move on to the last of the presents,
the present perfect continuous.
I've just realised,
I looked like a present,
and I'm talking about the present tenses.
Maybe I should have just made a video
about the present tense this dresses present. (laughs)
Now we use the present perfect continuous
to talk about something that's started in the past
and continues to the present,
and that might sound very similar to the present perfect,
but there are a few key differences.
One big difference is the structure.
We use the structure subject plus has/have
plus been plus verb-ing.
I have been eating chocolate as we discussed before.
Now with the present perfect continuous,
we often use it to talk about things
that we have been doing uninterrupted that haven't finished.
We use this tense to emphasise
how long something has been happening.
For example, I've been watching that TV show for weeks.
I'm emphasising how long I have been watching the TV show,
or Ellen has been replying to emails for two hours already.
We use it to talk about things
that have been done recently or lately.
For example, look, it's been snowing,
or I've been practising my football skills
a lot recently. (laughs)
That's such a lie.
Remember we generally
don't use the present perfect continuous
to talk about states.
You wouldn't say I have been belonging to a band
for a long time.
You would say, I have belonged to a band for a long time.
Some more examples,
they've been trying to call you all day,
or she hasn't been feeling well lately.
Okay, we made it through the present tenses.
Let's move on to the past tenses.
We'll have a quick overview,
and then we'll go into more detail.
We have the past simple.
I worked abroad last summer,
that talks about past finished actions.
We have the past continuous.
I was working at 2:00 PM yesterday,
that describes a continuing action
at some point in the past.
We have the past perfect.
I had worked there for two years before I got my promotion.
That's used to describe past actions
that happened before another past action or time.
And we have the past perfect continuous.
I had been working there for two years
before I finally got my promotion.
Very similar to the previous one,
but we'll go into more detail.
We use the past perfect continuous
to talk about past actions
that continued to a past point in time.
Let's start with the past simple,
this one is nice and easy.
It's the second most common tense that English speakers use.
We use it to talk about events
that happened before the present moment.
These must be finished events or actions,
and we often say when they happened,
although that's not obligatory.
The structure is the subject plus regular verb-ed.
However, lots and lots of verbs are irregular,
and I do actually have a video
on some of the most common irregular verbs
that could be really useful.
So I will leave that link down in the description box.
An example, I went to bed at 10:00 PM last night,
or Dennis ate a box of chocolates for breakfast.
Live your life, Dennis.
That sounds like my kind of breakfast. (laughs)
Another example, my husband bought me flowers last week,
are not true though.
Not true; maybe next week. (laughs)
Okay, let's move on to the past continuous.
The structure of this tense
is subject plus was or where plus verb-ing.
We can use this tense to talk about actions or states.
One way in which we use the past continuous
is to say what was happening
at a specific moment in the past.
For example, Tom was cooking dinner at 7:00 PM yesterday.
We can also use it
to give background information about something.
For example, Will was speaking to me
whilst I was trying to record a video,
or it was snowing when I went outside.
We also use it to say that an ongoing action
was interrupted by another action.
In this case,
it's usually paired with another clause in the past simple.
We were eating dinner when he arrived.
We were eating dinner over this long period of time,
and he arrived right then,
or they were chatting about their holiday
when Ben called them.
Let's move on to the past perfect.
The past perfect tense is used to talk about events
that happened before another event
or up to a certain time in the past.
Again, it is often used with the past simple.
The structure is as follows,
subject plus had plus past participle,
and if you don't do that when you say had,
you're not my student.
Let's take a look at some examples.
When I arrived at the bus stop,
the bus had already left, already happened,
or you had travelled to 10 countries
before your second birthday,
or she had worked at the company for five years
before it closed,
or we had already eaten dinner
so we weren't hungry when dinner was served.
Finally, let's discuss the past perfect continuous.
The structure is subject plus had been plus verb-ing.
Now the past perfect and the past perfect continuous,
what a mouthful,
are often used interchangeably by native English speakers.
There's no difference in overall meaning.
Take a look at these two sentences;
there's no real difference in overall meaning.
I had worked there for five years when the company closed,
or I had been working there for five years
when the company closed.
No real difference, we can say either.
However, you should use the continuous form
in these two situations.
If you are talking about an action in the past
that continued up to a certain time and continued after it,
or if you're talking about a repeated action
that happened in the past up to a certain point.
Let's take a look at some examples.
They had been walking for hours
before they decided that they were lost,
or the orchestra had been practising for months
before the concert happened.
In the words of Bon Jovi,
I think we're living on a prayer
because we are officially halfway there.
It's time to move on.
If you're still here,
you're doing really well, really, really well.
Let's have a quick overview of the future tenses.
We use them to talk about events after the present moment.
We have the future simple.
I will work in the summer.
This is used to talk about events or actions
that we believe will happen in the future.
We're nearly certain.
We have the future continuous.
I will be working at two o'clock tomorrow.
We use this for actions at a specific moment in the future.
We have the future perfect.
I will have worked there for two years on Sunday.
We use this to talk about an event or an action
that is planned or expected to happen
before a certain time in the future.
And we have the future perfect continuous.
I will have been working there for two years on Sunday.
Very similar to the last,
we'll talked about that.
We use this to talk about an action that will continue
up to a certain point in the future.
Let's take a closer look now.
The future simple,
the easiest way to talk about the future.
The structure is subject plus will
plus base form of the verb.
We can use it to talk about things
that we think will happen in the future.
I think it will rain tomorrow.
I'm sure you'll love this book.
We can also use it to make offers or promises.
I'll help you carry those boxes.
Richard will call you tomorrow.
And finally, we can use it to talk about facts
in the future.
It will be our first wedding anniversary next year,
or our house will be 300 years old soon.
Let's move on to the future continuous.
The structure is subject plus will be plus verb-ing.
This tense is used to talk about actions
that will be in progress at a certain point in time.
These actions will start and end in the future,
but we don't know when.
I will be eating dinner at 8:00 PM tomorrow.
I don't know when I'll finish.
It also indicates that an action will be carried out
over a period of time,
not simply in an instant.
I'll be playing tennis tomorrow.
That will be a considerable amount of time,
maybe 30 minutes to an hour,
not just a second.
We also have the future perfect.
We use the future perfect to talk about actions or states
that will be completed
before a certain point of time in the future.
We often use time clauses with the future perfect,
like by or when I'm older.
I'll show you lots of examples,
but first the structure,
subject plus will have plus past participle.
Some examples, I will have retired by the time I'm 65.
We're using by there to show that final point,
or you will have finished the popcorn
before the film starts,
or come over at 9:00 PM,
my parents will have left by then. (laughs)
Finally, we have the future perfect continuous.
This tense describes actions that will be continuing
at a certain point in the future.
When you use this tense,
you're thinking about the duration of that action
up to a certain point in time.
The structure is subject
plus will have been plus verb-ing.
She will have been living in Cardiff
for three months in August,
or when I retire next month,
I will have been working here for three years.
Like with most other continuous tenses,
we don't usually use state verbs.
It should be,
I will have had my cat for five years this Christmas,
rather than I will have been having my cat
for five years this Christmas.
You also can't use the future perfect continuous
to talk about finished actions.
You just have to use the future perfect instead.
Finally, the last four tenses
are the conditional tenses,
and I do actually have a full video on these tenses,
which I will leave in the description box,
but I'd like to go over them briefly today.
We use these tenses to talk about hypothetical situations
or an event that depends on another event or state.
These conditional tenses
often form part of conditional sentences,
but they don't always have to.
Let's have a brief overview.
We have the conditional simple.
I would work abroad if I could.
We use this to talk about hypothetical actions
in the present.
We have the conditional continuous.
I would be working abroad now if I wasn't stuck here.
We use this to talk about hypothetical continuous actions
in the present.
We have the conditional perfect.
I would have worked abroad last year,
but I didn't get my visa.
We use this to talk about hypothetical actions in the past,
and we have the conditional perfect continuous.
I would have been working here for longer
if I had got my visa earlier.
We use this to talk about hypothetical actions
that started in the past and continued.
It's formed with the subject
plus would plus the base form of the verb.
I would travel in first class.
She would walk to work.
Now, these sentences don't really have a lot of meaning
on their own.
So they usually coupled with another idea.
I would travel in first class if I won the lottery,
or she would walk to work if she lived closer.
Would can be replaced with, could, should, or might,
but this does change the meaning.
I am currently considering creating another video
on modal verbs.
There's one from years ago,
but I feel it needs updating.
If you'd like a lesson on modal verbs,
let me know in the comment section down below.
If I see enough of you,
then I'll know it's worth making.
Some examples, ge could get a dog if he wanted.
You should see a doctor.
I might go to the beach tomorrow.
Let's take a look at the conditional continuous.
When we use the conditional continuous,
we put the focus on the duration of a hypothetical action.
This means that we use this tense
to talk about a longer action when we want to emphasise,
or we want people to focus on how long an action would take.
The structure is subject
plus would be plus verb-ing.
It expresses an unfinished
or continuing hypothetical action.
An action which is the probable result
of an unreal condition.
It's easier if I just show you examples.
It can sound a little grammary. (laughs)
Grammary is not a word,
don't use that.
Actually, I think that's quite good.
If we hear a grammatical explanation that we don't like,
I think we should call it grammary.
I think it's quite fun.
Nope, that's way too grammary for me. (laughs)
I would be writing emails if I was at work,
but I'm not at work,
so I'm not writing emails.
He would be walking his dog right now
if he hadn't broken his ankle,
but he has broken his ankle, so he's not.
You can use could, should, and might in these sentences,
but again, it changes the meaning.
You should be unpacking the shopping I just bought,
or I could be sitting on a beach in Jamaica right now.
Now let's take a quick look at the conditional perfect.
When we want to change the past,
we use the conditional perfect tense.
Of course, we can't really change the past,
so this is hypothetical.
We talk about what we would have done.
The structure is subject
plus would have plus past participle.
I would have told John not to come.
I would have bought that house,
but I couldn't afford it at the time.
She would have cooked a bigger meal,
but she didn't know you were coming.
Again, You can replace it with could, should, or might.
I could have bought that house, but I didn't.
You should have told me,
we could have gone if we'd known about it.
They might have said,
but I can't remember.
Finally, the last tense that brings us to tense 16.
It is the conditional perfect continuous.
We use it to talk about the hypothetical results
of an action that started in the past.
We use the continuous tense to focus on the duration.
As I said before,
we look at conditional grammar
in way more detail in my conditionals video,
which I have linked in the description box.
But just as a brief overview,
the structure is subject plus would have been plus verb-ing.
I would have been wearing my red dress if I had washed it.
He would have been working in Dubai
if he hadn't taken the job in London.
Again, you can use it with could, should, and might.
You should have been feeling better yesterday.
She could have been living in Japan
if she had taken that language course at university.
Right, that is it for today's lesson.
I can't believe we've covered the 16 tenses, that's amazing.
Now it's time for you to test your understanding.
I've got a huge amount of examples and exercises
and all of the explanations in my PDF.
Just click on the link in the description box,
enter your name and your email address,
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Don't forget to connect with me on all of my social media.
I've got my Instagram,
I've got my Facebook,
I've got my website, englishwithlucy.co.uk,
where I've got a fabulous pronunciation tool.
You can click on all the phonemes,
and hear how they're pronounced
and words containing those phonemes.
It was quite fun word.
E, word,
no.
(air whooshing)
You can also follow our vlogging channel, Lucy Bella,
where we document and log our lives
here in the English countryside,
and every single video is fully subtitled,
so you can use it for listening practise
and to acquire vocabulary.
I will see you soon for another lesson.
(lips smacking)
This is used to talk about an accent. (beep)
Is someone in my garden?
(things rattling)
Oh God, (laughs) I put my phone in alarm. (laughs)
That's a scheduled event.
What's wrong with me?
Interchangeably
(tongue clucking) (Lucy laughing)
(upbeat music)