ASSISTANT SECRETARY MITCHELL: Thank you for that kind introduction, Rob.
I appreciate the opportunity to speak this afternoon and am grateful
to the Marshall Foundation for organizing today’s event.
Good to see several friends in the audience,
and I particularly want to recognize Ambassadors Schuwer, Wittig, O’Sullivan
and my good friend Dan Hamilton.
It was very important for me to take time today to be here
to mark the 70th anniversary of the Marshall Plan.
Seven decades ago, Americans made a decision to rebuild Europe after the Second World War.
The six years of fighting that followed Germany’s invasion of Poland in 1939
left much of the European continent in ruins.
Many of Western Europe’s largest and most famous cities were rubble.
The richest and most populated regions of Germany, Holland, Belgium, Italy, and northern France
had been laid waste by years of heavy combat, occupation, blockade and aerial bombardment.
Most of continental Europe’s men between the ages of 15 and 60 were dead, maimed, imprisoned
or vagrant.
A large proportion of the continent’s women, children and elderly were on subsistence diets
and, in many places, only a few meals away from starvation.
Even Britain, which had been guarded against invasion by the Channel, was bankrupt.
If you flew over Germany in 1946, you would have seen a landscape that looked more like
the cratered surface of the moon than a civilized nation.
The United States had options for how it would respond to Europe’s plight.
To understand the significance of what we did in 1948, we have to look back at what
predecessors of Marshall and his colleagues had done after a previous European war in 1918.
At the end of the First World War, the United States removed itself from European affairs.
At the Paris Peace Conference, we insisted that high principles—
Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points — guide the construction of a new political order
in Europe.
America helped to create a dozen or so new nation-states from the remains
of the Austro-Hungarian, Russian and German empires.
The map that emerged from the peace talks placed a dozen or so of these small,
indefensible states — saisonstaats as the Germans called them —
in the historic crush zone between Germany and Russia.
The resulting security vaccum attracted geopolitical predation and contributed to the conditions
that caused the Second World War.
So by the time of the Marshall Plan you have to remember, most middle-aged Americans
had seen two European wars in the space of a generation.
Both wars had begun in Europe but quickly spread to include most of the rest of the globe.
Both wars had shown that the old balance of power that had stabilized Europe
in previous generations and previous centuries was permanently broken,
and that no combination of European states could contain a unified, industrial, national Germany.
And both wars I think had required major investments of American blood and treasure —
more than half a million American lives and billions of dollars—to fight and win.
It is against this backdrop that the Marshall Plan takes on its special historical significance
as an act of both national generosity and strategic foresight.
In most of history’s previous wars,
the victor had sought to either extinquish the vanquished
or to restore its own national strength by drawing upon the resources of the conquered.
After the Third Punic War, Rome stripped Carthage bare and, we are told apocryphally,
spread salt upon its foundations.
After World War I, France pursued a very harsh peace against Germany,
seizing valuable industrial lands and levying vast sums in war reparations.
And even after World War II, at the same time that Marshall and his colleagues were amassing aid
to help Europe, the Soviet Union conducted a policy of systematic despoliation in Eastern Europe
that uprooted virtually everything of portable value — from locamotives to entire factories —
and moved them back to the Soviet Union.
Not everyone in America was convinced
that we should take the course we took with the Marshall Plan.
Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau advocated a “pastoral” policy, as he called it,
of stripping Germany of its industries in the Ruhr and Saar and turning it into
a kind of vast agricultural buffer zone between the East and West.
But America did not do that.
Rather than punishing our enemies or retreating from Europe’s problems as we had done after 1918,
America’s leaders chose to remain in Europe — and to use our great national wealth
to nourish and rebuild its shattered societies.
As Secretary Marshall said in 1947 the United States would “do whatever
it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic health in the world,
without which there can be no political stability or assured peace.”
In the years that followed, the United States gave more than $13 billion to the nations
of Europe—in today’s terms, more than $110 billion.
Money was only part of this investment though.
We built permanent U.S. military bases to ensure future peace.
And we built new institutions—together with our European allies, we formed NATO
and we helped spur the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community,
which later became the European Union.
The history of the last seven decades I think validates the wisdom of these investments.
Thanks in part to the Marshall Plan, European societies were able to stabilize themselves
and resist the menace of Communism.
Building on this stability, we and our allies engineered the great Western economic miracle
of the post-war world.
Many European economies grew by more than 30 percent annually
in the years after the Marshall Plan.
America’s national wealth jumped from $200 million in 1940
to more than $500 million in 1960.
And with this united strength we resisted the Soviet Union until its demise.
Today we face new threats.
A revisionist Russia that invades its neighbors, props up hostile regimes,
and works to undermine Western societies from within.
A China that seeks to expand its sphere of influence through military pressure on neighbors
and perpetuates dangerous imbalances in the international economy.
Extremist terrorists who plot acts of savagery against our citizens as they go about their daily lives.
These problems are no less complex then those faced by earlier generations of Americans
and Europeans.
After 1945, the task was one of creation – to forge new relationships and to bring fruition
a new reality that could not have previously been imagined.
Today our task is preservation – to rally and conserve the West as a realm of ordered liberty
against threats that few would have dreamed possible in the heady days
after the fall of Communism.
Succeeding in these tasks requires us to strengthen our alliances
and the values of democracy upon which they are built.
There is no major foreign policy challenge in the world today in which the United States
and Europe can expect to succeed without each other.
America’s commitment to the Western alliance is borne out in the more than $11 billion
we have pledged over the past year to the European Deterrence Initiative,
in the defensive weapons we are providing to Ukraine and Georgia,
in the reconstruction support we provide to countries of North Africa,
the aid and encouragement we provide to reformers in Eastern Europe and Ukraine,
the reduced barriers to U.S. LNG exports to allies,
and the cooperation on border security, intelligence-sharing, law enforcement
and cyber defense that we carry out every day with our European allies.
Our allies must be willing to do more.
Americans cannot be expected to care (and spend) more for Europe’s security
than Europe’s own leaders.
We cannot be expected to be more opposed to pipelines that make Europe more vulnerable
to supply cutoffs in winter than Europeans themselves.
And we cannot be expected to take more seriously the growing threats on Europe’s southern
and eastern frontiers than Europeans themselves.
In all of these areas we must show responsibility by acting together to shared challenges.
Commemorations like today’s are important for reminding both sides of the Atlantic that
allied cohesion is of inestimable valuable, but also that it requires sacrifice to maintain.
Our grandparents’, my grandparents’ generation grasped that fact after the Second World War.
It is up to us to ensure that the peace and prosperity they helped to create,
and from which we have benefited so richly in our lifetimes,
is extended to future generations.
Thank you.
(Applause)