- [Instructor] A group of friends wondered how much faster
they could snap their fingers on one hand
versus the other hand.
Very important question in life.
Each person snapped their fingers with their dominant hand
for 10 seconds
and their non-dominant hand for 10 seconds.
Where, if you're right-handed,
right hand would be your dominant hand.
If you're left-handed,
left hand would be your dominant hand.
Each participant flipped a coin to determine
which hand they would use first,
because if you always used your dominant hand first,
maybe you're tired by the time you're doing
your non-dominant hand or there's something else.
So here it's random which one you use first.
Here are the data for how many snaps
they performed with each hand,
the difference for each participant, and summary statistics.
And this is actually real data
from the Khan Academy Content Team,
and so you see, for each of the participants,
for Jeff right over here,
he was able to do 44 snaps in 10 seconds
on his dominant hand, which is impressive,
more than I think I could do,
and he was even able to do 35 on his non-dominant hand,
and so the difference here,
the dominant hand minus the non-dominant was nine,
and then they tabulated this data for all five members.
Now they also calculated summary statistics for them,
but this is the really interesting thing right over here.
This is the difference between the dominant
and the non-dominant hand,
and so what they did here, the mean difference,
what they did is they took this row right over here
and they calculated the mean, which they got to be 6.8,
and then they calculated the standard deviation
of these differences right over here,
which they got to be approximately 1.64,
and then we are asked:
Create and interpret a 95% confidence interval
for mean difference in number of snaps
for these participants.
So pause this video.
See if you can make some headway here.
See if you can think about how to approach this.
So what's interesting here is,
we're not trying to construct a confidence interval
for just the mean number of snaps for the dominant hand
or the mean number of snaps for the non-dominant hand,
we're constructing a 95% confidence interval
for a mean difference.
Now you might say, wait, wait, wait,
I have two different samples here
and then this third data is somehow constructed
from these other two,
but one way to think about it,
this is matched pairs design.
So in a matched pair design, what you do is,
for each participant, for each member in your sample,
you will make them do the control and the treatment.
So for example, you could do the control
as how many they can do in the dominant hand in 10 seconds,
and the treatment is how many they can do
in the non-dominant hand,
and in matched pairs design,
you're really concerned about the difference,
and so you can really view this as,
is you just have one sample size of five
for which you are calculating the difference
for each member of that sample
and the standard deviation across that entire sample.
Now before we calculate the confidence interval,
let's just remind ourselves some of our conditions
that we like to think about when we are constructing
confidence intervals.
The first condition we think about
is whether our sample is random.
Now if we were trying to make some type of judgment
about all human beings and their snapping ability,
this would not be a random sample.
These people all work at Khan Academy.
Maybe somehow, in our interview process,
we select for people who snap particularly well,
but whatever inferences we make,
we can say, hey, this is roughly true about this group
of friends.
Now the next condition we wanna think about is
the normal condition.
Now there's a couple of ways to think about it.
If we had sample size of 30 or larger,
the central limit theorem says,
okay, the sampling distribution would be roughly normal,
the sampling distribution of the sample means,
but obviously, our sample size is much smaller than that.
One way to think about it.
We could just plot our data points
and see whether they seem to be skewed in any way,
and if we just do a little dot plot right over here,
we could say.
Let's see, make this, zero, one, two, three, four, five,
six, seven, eight, and nine.
So we have one data point where the difference was nine,
one data point where the difference is five,
one data point where the difference is eight,
one data point where the difference is six,
and another data point where the difference is six,
and so this doesn't look massively skewed in any way.
Our mean difference was right over here.
It's about 6.8.
It looks roughly symmetric.
So we can feel okay about this normal distribution.
This isn't the best study that one could conduct.
This is obviously a small sample size.
It's not random of the entire population,
but maybe we could go with it.
Also, when you think about biological processes,
like how well someone snaps,
which is a product of a lot of things happening
in the human body,
and it's the sum of many many processes.
Those things also tend to have
a roughly normal distribution,
but I won't go into too much depth there,
but all of these things, once again,
this isn't a super robust study,
but this is a fun thing for friends to do
if they have nothing else to do.
All right.
Now the third one is independence.
And this one actually we can feel pretty good about,
because Jeff's difference right over here
really shouldn't impact David's difference,
or David's difference really shouldn't impact
Kim's difference,
especially if they're not observing each other.
And let's just say for sake of argument
that they did it all independently in a closed room
with an independent observer,
so they weren't trying to get competitive
or something like that,
but needless to say,
this isn't a super robust study,
but we can still calculate a 95% confidence interval.
So how do we do that?
Well, we've done this so many times,
our confidence interval would be our sample mean,
so it would be the mean of our difference,
the mean of our difference plus or minus,
Now we don't know the population standard deviation,
so we're going to use our sample standard deviation
and if you're using a sample standard deviation
and this confidence interval is all about the mean,
and so our critical value here is going to be
based on a t-table on a t-statistic,
and they're going to multiply that
times the sample standard deviation of the differences,
divided by the square root of our sample size,
divided by the square root of five.
Now we know most of this data here,
and let me just write it down over here.
We know the mean, the sample mean right over here, 6.8.
So it's going to be 6.8 plus or minus,
and now what will be our critical value here?
Well, we wanna have a 95% confidence interval
and what's our degrees of freedom?
Well, it's one less than our sample size,
so our degrees of freedom right over here is equal to four.
And so we're ready to use a t-table.
So this is a truncated t-table that I could fit
on my screen here,
and so there's a couple of ways to think about it.
Here they actually give us the confidence level,
and the reason why that corresponds to a tail probability
of 0.025 is that if you take the middle 95%
of a distribution,
you're going to have 2.5% on either end.
That's going to be your tail probability,
so that's all that's going on over there.
So we're going to be in this column right over here
and which degrees of freedom do we use?
Well, it's gonna be four degrees of freedom.
Our sample size is five.
Five minus one is four,
so this is going to be our critical value, 2.776.
So we have 2.776 as our critical value,
and then times our sample standard deviation.
Well, the sample standard deviation
for our difference is right over here, is 1.64,
and then we're going to divide that
by the square root of our sample size.
So the square root of our sample size,
where I already wrote a five in there.
Sometimes I just write an N there,
and so, what is this going to be equal to?
First, let's just calculate just the margin of error
right over here,
so this is going to be 2.776 times 1.64
divided by the square root of five,
and we get a margin of error of approximately 2.036,
so this is going to be 6.8 plus or minus 2.036.
It's approximately equal to that,
where this is our margin of error,
and if we actually wanted to write out the interval,
we could just take 6.8 minus this, and 6.8 plus that,
so let's do that again with the calculator.
So 6.8 minus 2.036 is equal to 4.764.
So our confidence interval starts at 4.764, approximately,
and it goes to, let's see.
I can actually do this one in my head,
if I add 2.036 to 6.8,
that is going to be 8.836.
Now how would we interpret this confidence interval
right over here?
One way to interpret it is to say that we are 95% confident
that this interval captures the true mean difference
in snaps for these friends.
We could also say that there appears to be a difference
in the mean number of snaps,
since zero is not captured in this interval,
and since the entire interval is above zero,
Zero is not captured here and it's above zero,
it seems that this group right over here,
this group of friends at Khan Academy,
can snap faster with their dominant hands.