What I want to do in this video is talk a little bit
about plate tectonics.
And you've probably heard the word before,
and are probably, or you might be
somewhat familiar with what it discusses.
And it's really just the idea that the surface of the Earth
is made up of a bunch of these rigid plates.
So it's broken up into a bunch of rigid plates,
and these rigid plates move relative to each other.
They move relative to each other and take
everything that's on them for a ride.
And the things that are on them include the continents.
So it literally is talking about the movement of these plates.
And over here I have a picture I got off
of Wikipedia of the actual plates.
And over here you have the Pacific Plate.
Let me do that in a darker color.
You have the Pacific Plate.
You have a Nazca Plate.
You have a South American Plate.
I could keep going on.
You have an Antarctic Plate.
It's actually, obviously whenever
you do a projection onto two dimensions
of a surface of a sphere, the stuff at the bottom
and the top look much bigger than they actually are.
Antarctica isn't this big relative
to say North America or South America.
It's just that we've had to stretch it out
to fill up the rectangle.
But that's the Antarctic Plate, North American Plate.
And you can see that they're actually
moving relative to each other.
And that's what these arrows are depicting.
You see right over here the Nazca Plate
and the Pacific Plate are moving away from each other.
New land is forming here.
We'll talk more about that in other videos.
You see right over here in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean
the African Plate and the South American Plate meet each other,
and they're moving away from each other, which
means that new land, more plate material I guess you could say,
is somehow being created right here--
we'll talk about that in future videos--
and pushing these two plates apart.
Now, before we go into the evidence for plate tectonics
or even some of the more details about how plates are created
and some theories as to why the plates might move,
what I want to do is get a little bit
of the terminology of plate tectonics out of the way.
Because sometimes people call them crustal plates,
and that's not exactly right.
And to show you the difference, what I want to do
is show you two different ways of classifying
the different layers of the Earth
and then think about how they might relate to each other.
So what you traditionally see, and actually I've
made a video that goes into a lot more detail of this,
is a breakdown of the chemical layers of the Earth.
And when I talk about chemical layers,
I'm talking about what are the constituents
of the different layers?
So when you talk of it in this term,
the top most layer, which is the thinnest layer, is the crust.
Then below that is the mantle.
Actually, let me show you the whole Earth,
although I'm not going to draw it to scale.
So if I were to draw the crust, the crust
is the thinnest outer layer of the Earth.
You can imagine the blue line itself is the crust.
Then below that, you have the mantle.
So everything between the blue and the orange line,
this over here is the mantle.
So let me label the crust.
The crust you can literally view as the actual blue pixels
over here.
And then inside of the mantle, you have the core.
And when you do this very high level division,
these are chemical divisions.
This is saying that the crust is made up
of different types of elements.
Its makeup is different than the stuff that's
in the mantle, which is made up of different things
than what's inside the core.
It's not describing the mechanical properties of it.
And when I talk about mechanical properties
I'm talking about whether something is solid and rigid.
Or maybe it's so hot and melted it's kind of a magma,
or kind of a plastic solid.
So this would be the most brittle stuff.
If it gets warmed up, if rock starts to melt a little bit,
then you have something like a magma,
or you can view it as like a deformable or a plastic solid.
When we talk about plastic, I'm not talking about the stuff
that the case of your cellphone is made of.
I'm talking about it's deformable.
This rock is deformable because it's so hot
and it's somewhat melted.
It kind of behaves like a fluid.
It actually does behave like a fluid,
but it's much more viscous.
It's much thicker and slower moving
than what we would normally associate
with a fluid like water.
So this a viscous fluid.
And then the most fluid would, of course, be the liquid state.
This is what we mean when we talk
about the mechanical properties.
And when you look at this division over here,
the crust is solid.
The mantle actually has some parts of it that are solid.
So the uppermost part of the mantle is solid.
Then below that, the rest of the mantle
is kind of in this magma, this deformable, somewhat
fluid state, and depending on what depth
you go into the mantle there are kind
of different levels of fluidity.
And then the core, the outer level layer
of the core, the outer core is liquid,
because the temperature is so high.
The inner core is made up of the same things,
and the temperature is even higher,
but since the pressure is so high it's actually solid.
So that's why the mantle, crust, and core differentiations
don't tell you whether it's solid, whether it's magma,
or whether it's really a liquid.
It just really tells you what the makeup is.
Now, to think about the makeup, and this
is important for plate tectonics,
because when we talk about these plates
we're not talking about just the crust.
We're talking about the outer, rigid layer.
Let me just zoom in a little bit.
Let's say we zoomed in right over there.
So now we have the crust zoomed in.
This right here is the crust.
And then everything below here we're actually
talking about the upper mantle.
We haven't gotten too deep in the mantle right here.
So that's why we call it the upper mantle.
Now, right below the crust, the mantle
is cool enough that it is also in real solid form.
So this right here is solid mantle.
And when we talk about the plates
were actually talking about the outer solid layer.
So that includes both the crust and the solid part
of the mantle.
And we call that the lithosphere.
When people talk about plate tectonics,
they shouldn't say crustal plates.
They should call these lithospheric plates.
And then below the lithosphere you
have the least viscous part of the mantle,
because the temperature is high enough for the rock to melt,
but the pressure isn't so large as what
will happen when you go into the lower part of the mantle
that the fluid can actually kind of move past each other,
although still pretty viscous.
This still a magma.
So this is still kind of in its magma state.
And this fluid part of the mantle,
we can't quite call it a liquid yet,
but over large periods of time it does have fluid properties.
This, that essentially the lithosphere
is kind of riding on top of, we call this the asthenosphere.
So when we talk about the lithosphere and asthenosphere
we're really talking about mechanical layers.
The outer layer, the solid layers, the lithosphere sphere.
The more fluid layer right below that is the asthenosphere.
When we talk about the crust, mantle, and core,
we are talking about chemical properties, what
are the things actually made up of.