- [Voiceover] When we last left off in the riveting saga
of quadratic approximations of multi variable functions,
we were approximating a two variable function, f of xy,
and we ended up with this pretty monstrous expression,
and because it's written its full abstract form, I almost
feel like it looks more monstrous than it needs to,
so I'm going to go ahead and go through a specific
example here, and just to remind you of kind of what
all these terms are, how there's actually kind of a
pattern to what's going on, this here represents,
you can think of it as the constant term, where you know
this is just going to evaluate to some kind of number.
These two terms are what you might call the linear term,
linear, because if you actually look, the only places
where the variable x and y comes up is here,
where it's just being multiplied by a constant,
and here, where it's just being multiplied by a constant,
so it's just variables times constant in there.
And then all of this stuff at the end, which is kind of
the whole essence of a quadratic approximation,
where you start to have things like you get an x squared,
and you get x gets to be multiplied by y,
all of this stuff is the quadratic term, and though
it seems like a lot now, you'll see in the context
of an actual example, it's not necessarily as bad
as it seems.
So let's say we're looking at the function f of xy
and let's say it's going to be
e to the x divided by two,
multiplied by sin of y.
This is our multi variable function.
And let's say we want to approximate this near some
kind of point, and I'm going to choose a point that's
something that we can actually evaluate these at,
so like x, it would be convenient if that was zero,
and then y, I'll go with pi halves, because that's
something where I'll know how to evaluate sin,
and where I'll know how to evaluate its derivatives,
things like that.
So we're trying to approximate this function near
this point.
Now first things first.
We're just going to need to get all of the different
partial derivatives and second partial derivatives.
We know we're going to need them, so let's just kind
of start working it through, and figuring out what
all of them are.
Let's start with the partial derivative with respect to x.
So this is also a function of xy,
and we look up at the original function,
the only place where x shows up is in this e to the x
over two, the derivative of that is one half,
we bring down that one half,
times e to the x over two,
and this is being multiplied by something that looks
like a constant, as far as x is concerned,
sin of y.
Now when we do the partial derivative with respect to y,
what we get,
this first part just looks like a constant, so we kind
of keep that constant there, as far as y is concerned,
and the derivative of sin is cosin.
Cosin of y.
And then now we
let's start taking second partial derivatives,
so I'll start by doing the one where
we take the partial derivative with respect to x twice.
Now here I'll actually do this in a different color.
Let's do yellow.
Just to make clear which ones are the second
partial derivatives.
So partial with respect to x twice,
also, function of xy, like all of these guys.
So let's look up at the original partial derivative with
respect to x, and we're now going to take its
derivative, again with respect to x.
This is the only place where x shows up,
that one half kind of comes down again,
so now it's going to be one fourth times
e to the x over two,
and we just keep that sin of y,
because it looks like we're just multiplying
by a constant, sin of y.
Next we'll do the mixed partial derivative, where you do
first with respect to x, then with respect to y,
or you could do it the other way, because with almost
all functions, it kind of doesn't matter which
order you take the two.
So I'll go ahead and just look at the one that
was with respect to x, and now let's think of its
derivative with respect to y.
This whole one half e to the x halves
looks like a constant, derivative of sin of y
is cosin y.
So we take that constant, the one half e to the
x halves,
and then we multiply it by the derivative of sin of y,
which is cosin of y.
And then finally we take the second derivative,
second partial derivative
with respect to y, twice in a row.
So f with respect to y,
twice in a row.
And for this one, let's take a look at the partial
derivative with respect to y.
This part is the only part where y shows up,
derivative of cosin is negative sin,
and then e to the x halves just still looks like a constant,
so we'll bring that negative out front,
that constant e to the x halves,
and it was negative sin,
so that negative went out front,
sin of y.
So that's all of the partial differential information
that we're going to need.
And now we know we're going to need to evaluate
all of these guys, all of these partial derivatives
at the specific point, because if we go up and
look at the original function that we have,
we're going to need to evaluate f at this point,
both of the partial derivatives at this point,
the second partial derivatives.
Oh, I'm realizing, actually, that I made a little
bit of a mistake here.
This should be a one half
out in front of each of these guys.
That should be plus one half of this second
partial derivative, and one half of this second
partial derivative.
The mixed partial derivative it's still one,
but these guys should have a one half.
That was a mistake on my part.
In any case, though, we're going to need to evaluate
all of these guys, so if we go back down,
let's just start plugging in the point zero and
pi halves to each one of these.
So the function itself, when we plug in zero,
e to the zero is one, and sin of pi halves,
sin of pi halves is also one,
so this entire thing just comes to one.
If we do this for the next one, again
e to the zero is going to be one,
sin of y is also going to be one,
but now we have that one half sitting there,
so that'll end up as one half.
If we look at the partial derivative with respect
to y, cosin of pi halves is zero,
so this entire thing is going to be zero.
Moving right along, let's take a look at this second
partial derivative with respect to x.
Again, e to the zero will be one,
and sin of pi halves will be one,
so this ends up just being that one fourth,
the mixed partial derivative here,
if we have one half by the pattern's starting to continue,
you've got the one, this one's actually zero,
so cosin of pi halves is zero,
so the whole thing will be zero.
And then the last one it'll be negative
one times that one again,
for sin of pi halves is one,
so all of that just comes out to be negative one.
So this, I mean I kind of chose a convenient example,
where all the derivatives look very similar to the
thing itself, which is actually pretty common,
so we get to leverage a lot of the work that
we did earlier.
So now we have these six different constants,
can't keep them all on the screen at the same time.
But we've got these six different constants,
so now we just plug each one of them in to the
quadratic approximation.
So if we make our quadratic approximation of our function,
the first term is that constant term,
so we take a look up and we say where does f of xy
go at this point, and it'll just be one.
We're going to have to do a lot of scrolling back
and forth here.
There's a lot of text to deal with.
The next thing is going to be something
times x minus zero, the kind of x coordinate
of our specified point,
and that something is the first derivative with
respect to x, so that's going to be one half.
So come back down here.
That one half.
And then similarly, we're going to have something
multiplied by y minus the y coordinate
of the point about which we are approximating,
and for that we take a look at the partial derivative
with respect to y, which was just zero,
so that's pretty convenient.
That's just going to end up being zero.
And then for the second partial derivative terms,
maybe I'll actually be able to keep it on
the same screen here.
We're going to have something multiplied by x
minus its coordinate squared,
and that something is whatever the partial derivative
with respect to x twice is, which is one fourth,
so we go ahead and plug in one fourth,
and then for the mixed partial derivative,
I'll put it down here,
it'll be something multiplied by x, minus its constant,
and then y minus
that pi halves,
and that something is the mixed partial derivative,
which in this case is zero.
Oh and I'm realizing I made the same mistake again.
It's not one fourth, it's one half.
For the same reason that I made a mistake up here earlier,
where it's actually one half multiplied by this
second partial derivative, and one half by the second
partial derivative there, I guess I keep forgetting that.
Good lesson, I suppose, that that's an easy thing to forget,
if you find yourself computing one of these,
where I'll put it in here,
multiply that guy by one half.
It's similar to a Taylor expansion in single variable
calculus, where you kind of have to remember what's
what that squared term would be, has a one half
associated with it.
So for that same reason, now we're going to have,
and this time I won't forget it,
will be one half multiplied by something,
multiplied by the y minus pi halves,
minus that y coordinate of the point we're approximating
there, and this time that something
is negative one.
So we can kind of plug in here negative one.
And now this is something we can simplify quite a bit,
because that one stays there,
one half of x minus zero,
that's just x halves,
this whole part cancels out to zero,
so there's nothing there.
Over here we have half times a fourth, one eighth
times x squared, so that's
x squared divided by eight.
This mixed partial derivative term is zero,
so that's pretty nice.
And then this last term here is just
negative one half,
so let's see, I'll write it down as negative
one half by y minus pi halves squared,
by y minus pi halves squared.
So that is the quadratic approximation,
and you can see this actually feels like a
quadratic function.
We've got up to x squared, and up to y squared,
and there's a sense in which this is a
simpler function.
I mean, it looks like it's got more terms than the
original one, which was e to the x halved sin of y,
but if it's a computer that needs to compute these
things, for example, it's much easier to deal with
polynomials, that's a faster thing to do.
Also for theoretical purposes, it can be nice to
deal with just a quadratic polynomial to make
conclusions about things.
We'll see that in the context of something called the
second partial derivative test.
But just to get a feel for what this means, let's pull
up the graph of the relevant functions.
So this here is the graph of the original function,
e to the x halves times sin of y,
and the point that we're approximating near
was where x equals zero,
so let's see how we get oriented.
X is equal to zero, and then y is equal to pi halves.
So this is the point we're approximating near.
And the quadratic approximation, when you plug everything
in, has a graph that looks like this white surface here.
So if I get rid of that original graph, this is how
we're approximating the function near that point.
And that does a pretty good job, right?
Because even as you step pretty far away from that
point, it's pretty closely hugging the original surface.
If you go very far away, it certainly doesn't get
the oscillating nature of that sin component,
and the exponential component grows faster than
the quadratic one, but nearby,
nearby this actually gives a very good feel for
the shape of the graph.
And again, later on we'll see how this is a pretty
useful theoretical tool for drawing conclusions about
qualitative features of the shape of the graph,
the fact that this looks kind of like a saddle,
is going to end up being kind of important
in certain contexts.
But before we get to any of that, in the next couple
videos I'm going to talk about a simpler,
or rather a more generalizable form,
of writing down this quadratic approximation
using vector notation.
Because right now we're just limited to
two variables, and you can imagine how monstrous this
might look if you were dealing even just with a
three variable function,
where think of all the different possible second
partial derivatives of a three variable function,
or a four variable function.
It would quickly get out of hand, but there is kind
of a nice general way to write all of these.
So with that, I will see you next video.