LNG technology
capital and operating costs of LNG cane exploration and treatment and shipping
storage and distribution production liquefaction regasification and
marketing 15 to 20 percent 30 to 45 percent 10 to 30 percent 15 to 25
percent liquefaction cool gas to 260 of one six
hundredth of gaseous volume 30 to 45 percent LNG chain costs costs
driven by train number and capacity compressor drive efficiency new
technology offshore production Darwin liquefaction facility HTTP colon slash
slash content dot that ger online.com slash edgar underscore convey
underscoring slash 2007 slash show three slash 30 / oh oh oh oh nine five oh one
five two of 700 to 800 Correll to five four Oh al to five 400 one three jpg
train size Train capacity has grown an average of three million tons / year
facilities with capacities of seven point eight and nine point six million
tons /er ER we'll come on stream soon guitar and russia increasing train
capacity as opposed to hash of trains can reduce costs by twenty five percent
compressor drive efficiency gas turbine improvements increase in
efficiency from 28% to 40% in last 40 years decrease in fuel consumption ie
cost by 60 to 70 percent aro derivative turbines advantages increased thermal
efficiency by 25 percent and total plant efficiency by 3 percent less downtime to
replace disadvantages expensive high maintenance
currently industrial gas turbines are used to drive the compressors electric
drive alternative use of smaller turbines in a combined cycle power plant
to produce electricity to run liquefaction plant improve efficiency
cut emissions liquefaction requires significant compression to liquefy the
gas large turbines are hard to manufacture and are expensive offshore
liquefaction floating production storage and
offloading FPSO HTTP colon slash slash Braxton dot-com slash so apostrophe s
dot asks transportation LMG shipped in large vessels with cryogenic tanks
10 to 30% lng chain costs costs driven by vessel capacity tanker propulsion new
technology ship to ship transfer STS vessel capacity 1st LNG tankers twenty
seven thousand four hundred cubic meters cubic meter
in 2007 vessels averaged 266 thousand cubic meters decrease in costs by 45%
from early 1990s due to increase in vessel capacity limitations restrictions
on import vessel size maximum capacity of regasification equipment tanker
propulsion boil off gas tote as ear 0.15% / de3 propulsion options
vent to atmosphere burned ray liquefied three propulsion options steam turbine
dual fuel diesel engine df/de heavy fuel diesel engine talk about all three
tanker propulsion boil off gas tilde 0 point 1 5 % / day 3 propulsion options
vent to atmosphere burned ray liquefied three propulsion options steam turbine
dual fuel diesel engine df/de heavy fuel diesel engine talk about all three thank
her propulsion boil off gas tote is 0.15 percent / day three propulsion options
vent to atmosphere burned ray liquefied three propulsion options steam turbine
dual fuel diesel engine df/de heavy fuel diesel engine talk about all three thank
her propulsion boil off gas tozi ro point one five percent / day three
propulsion options vent to atmosphere burned ray liquefied
three propulsion options steam turbine dual fuel diesel engine df/de heavy fuel
diesel engine talk about all three ship-to-ship transfer
emergence of offshore regasification in liquefaction new vessels may now have
capability to transfer or receive loads HTTP colon slash slash
www.digitalage.org asif ocation facility costs can range from 100 million dollars
for a small plant to 2 billion dollars for state-of-the-art greenfield plant
usually found in Japan costs driven by storage gas composition control new
technology offshore regasification storage one-third plant capital costs
eeeh global LMG status and Outlook 2003 one third plant capital costs storage
capacity dictates volume of gas plant can handle can usually only process 70
to 75% capacity look increasing storage can increased capital costs 10 to 20
percent composition control composition of gas delivered to regasification plant
can vary significantly depending on source compounds such as propane butane
and ethane can often be left on the LNG in order to reduce liquefaction costs
these compounds raise the heating value HHV of the gas which many countries do
not have the infrastructure or equipment to handle the u.s. included industrial
equipment accounts for 60% of natural gas use and is typically the most
sensitive to natural gas quality composition control technologies to
reduce the HHV injection of inert gas usually nitrogen
into vaporized gas can increase end-user NOx emissions restrictions placed on
amount of inert gas that can be present in fuel increase in capital and
operating expenditures to run injection process with no increase in value of
fuel natural gas liquids recovery and glr remove the mid-range
propane butane ethane compounds before or after regasification profit from
petrochemical sales greater than profit from high HHV when present and gas
offshore regasification u.s. to build two offshore plants one
already under construction floating storage and regasification unit FS ru
conclusions to keep the LNG market growing and meet increasing natural gas
demands it is most important for future technology to address compressor
efficiency ship-to-ship transfer offshore regasification increasing
cost-effectiveness will allow companies to produce gas in harsher environments
to help meet the man's deep-sea arctic conditions questions
US natural gas imports project into 2030 pipeline versus LMG
energy information administration annual Energy Outlook 2006 LNG demand as of
2003 source Gas Technology Institute ayiiia 2003 natural gas information LMG
demand in 2025 eya International Energy Outlook 2004
us only has 4% of gas supplies Russia guitar and Iran have more than half of
global reserves therefore importation and inevitable era
International Energy Outlook 2004 why is demand increasing
priest installation of combined cycle power plants for increased efficiencies
environmental concerns natural gas is cleaner than petroleum and coal worries
over the abundance of conventional fuel supplies natural gas reserves to last 30
years longer than oil liquefaction terminals
wärtsilä diesel 2008 regasification terminals
wärtsilä diesel 2008 regasification plant in Sabine Texas to receive LNG
from Qatar 2009 Exxon Mobil Corporation form HK current
report