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- [Steven] We wanted to talk about
how you recognize who's who
in late-medieval and Renaissance painting.
Artists developed conventions to let the audience know
who they were looking at.
- [Beth] Legibility was the most important thing,
that viewers could look at a work of art
and imagine the stories around these divine figures.
- [Steven] Two of the most frequently represented figures
are the Virgin Mary, often referred to as the Madonna,
and her son, Jesus Christ.
- [Beth] We often see Mary holding
on her lap the Christ child.
And we also often see Mary seated on a throne.
This is the idea that Mary is Queen of heaven,
surrounded by angels.
We know that they're angels because they have wings.
- [Steven] But the particular painting that we're looking at
is not a single panel, it's a diptych.
It's two panels that are hinged.
And on the opposite side,
we see a scene that is later in time.
- [Beth] We see the Crucifixion.
This is Christ's death on the Cross.
- [Steven] And we see the Virgin Mary a second time as well,
this time on the lower left mourning the death of her son.
- [Beth] And then on the other side,
we see the figure of Saint John,
so it's often Mary and John who we see at the Crucifixion.
- [Steven] In addition to the Virgin Mary and Jesus Christ,
late-medieval and early-Renaissance paintings
often portray saints and there's a lot of saints.
And so it's important that we can distinguish
one saint from another.
- [Beth] The easiest way to identify saints
is by what they carry, that is their attribute.
So let's look at the saints that we have here.
- [Steven] A great example of an attribute
can be seen in the figure on the upper left in light blue.
If you look closely, in his right hand he holds two keys.
Now these are dark, but originally
they would probably have been more silvery
and they would have been more clear.
- [Beth] Christ says to Saint Peter,
"I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven;
"whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven,
and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven.
In other words, the keys symbolize Peter's incredible power
of opening or shutting the gates of heaven.
- [Steven] And that means that virtually
any time you see a figure holding keys,
you can identify that figure as Saint Peter.
- [Beth] Below Peter we see Saint John the Baptist.
Saint John the Baptist is often shown in this way,
bearded and wearing a cloth of hair.
- [Steven] Also, he's often shown pointing
to Christ as he is here.
Now this is just one attribute.
There are multiple attributes
that artists use to identify figures
and Saint John the Baptist is often represented
with a lamb as a symbol for Christ.
- [Beth] Those attributes that help us
identify John the Baptist tell us something about his role.
He points to Christ as someone who came
before Christ, but who points the way.
And the lamb refers to the phrase that John says,
"Here is the Lamb of God," referring to Christ.
With Saint John the Baptist, we're looking at a figure
who was essentially contemporaneous with Christ's life,
but with so many saints, we're looking at figures
who lived later, but who, because of persecution,
gave their lives, often in a very violent and terrible way,
for their faith in Christ.
- [Steven] And in this case,
Saint Catherine is holding two symbols.
In her left hand, she holds the wheel,
the instrument of torture, but in her right,
she holds a palm frond, which is a symbol
of her victory over sin and death.
Another important female saint is Mary Magdalene.
She's frequently depicted at the feet of Christ,
but we often see her standing
beside the Cross as we do here,
and she's always identifiable by her long hair.
- [Steven] Often red.
There's another common attribute of Mary Magdalene
which is a jar, which by tradition held ointment
that she used to anoint Christ's feet.
Another important figure, one of the four doctors
or fathers of the Church is Saint Jerome.
And he's often clothed in bright red.
- [Beth] And he's often accompanied by a lion
and this comes from a fable
that Saint Jerome pulled a thorn from a lion's paw
and the lion befriended him.
- [Steven] And here we see two female saints
who are holding their attributes
in a chalice and on a plate.
- [Beth] In this case, carrying the particular ways
in which they suffered for their faith,
so we see Saint Lucy, whose eyes were gouged out
and on the right Saint Agatha,
whose breasts were sheared off.
- [Steven] Although, according to tradition,
she was miraculously healed.
- [Beth] And you'll notice both carry
those same palm fronds that saints often carry.
- [Steven] And these are only a few of the many attributes
that artists used to help viewers identify
which saint is which.
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