So what I want to do is I want to add carbonyls next to all of these and see how that changes
them.
So I’m going to add a carbonyl to my alcohol.
I’m going to add a carbonyl to my amine.
And I’m going to add a carbonyl to my ether.
And I’m going to show you guys how that changes the functional group.
So if I add a carbonyl to my alcohol, that means how it’s going to look like is C double
bond O with an –OH next to it.
Did you guys see that?
So basically I’m taking the –OH from here and I’m just adding it next to my carbonyl.
Alright?
Turns out it’s going to react way different from a regular alcohol because of that carbonyl—which
you’re going to figure more about that in the acid and bases chapter.
Okay?
So what that means is that this is going to turn into what’s called a carboxylic acid
and this is the main acid of Organic Chemistry.
So most acids that we deal with, a lot of them are carboxylic acids.
Then what I’m going to do for these is I’m going to show you guys the condensed form
of writing because this is very common.
So the way that it’s written is COOH.
So if you see COOH that has to do with carboxylic acid.
Another way that it’s written is CO2H.
Okay?
These are condensed abbreviations that confuse a lot of students so it’s important that
you guys keep in your memory.
This is the memorization part.
It’s important that you guys memorize that COOH is a carboxylic acid.
It makes sense just by looking at it, COOH.
But still you have to make sure you know it.
Then you’ve got, so basically alcohol plus carbonyl then you have a carboxylic acid.
Then let’s do an amine plus a carbonyl.
In this case what I would get is I would get my carbonyl and then I would add NH2 next
to it.
Okay?
So I’m just taking my amine from here and I’m adding it here.
Alright?
Well, the condensed formula for this is going to be CONH2 or whatever that, however many
H’s that nitrogen has.
And this is going to go from being an amine to what we call, either you can call it an
amide or amide.
Okay?
I’ve heard both pronunciations several times from different professors and I say amide.
But there will be some ways sometimes you can say amide.
It depends on what’s in front of it.
Sometimes if the name is really long it’s better to say amide.
Alright?
So whatever.
So I’m just trying to say that don’t be so strict on the pronunciation.
Just be strict on knowing what it is.
Okay?
So that’s kind of easy.
Notice that I go from amine, I add a carbonyl and it goes to amide.
Easy.
Okay?
The degree of the amide is determined the same way as a carbon.
Okay?
So if I gave you the following amide, okay, this is actually going to be…
Okay, yeah, I’ll give you that amide.
Okay, what type of amide would that be?
So it’s actually called a cyclic amide.
And later on in Orgo 2 we’re going to learn that these are very important and it gets
the name of a lactam.
So I’m totally jumping ahead just to make this interesting.
Okay.
So you do not need to know about lactams yet.
But I just want you guys to know that a lactam is a type of amide and what’s the degree
of it.
What would be the degree of this amide?
It would also be secondary amide.
So you can call it a lactam or you can call it a secondary amide.
Why?
Because this nitrogen here is attached to two carbon groups.
See how that works?
So it’s just the same that we used for that amine and also the same as we were using for
carbon.
Cool.
So we have this last one.
I’ll try to move out of the way a little bit.
So we’ve got ester.
Ester is what forms when you add a carbonyl and then you just take the –OR from the
ether group.
Okay?
So isn’t that cool?
When you take an amine, add a carbonyl turns to an amide.
Ether plus a carbonyl turns into an ester.
So these names are very similar and that’s one of the ways that helps to remember.
You can say you add a carbonyl to it and it becomes one that sounds like it.
So ester, the functional group is going to be or the condensed functional group is going
to be COOR.
Okay?
Anytime you see COOR that is an ester.
There’s nothing else you need to know about that.
Oh, it can also be CO2R.
Okay?
But other than that I just want to recognize these.