In the mid-1950s, the United States was desperate to know what was going on
behind the Iron Curtain. No information had come out of the Soviet Union since
the Second World War, and the US government was increasingly talking about a missile gap,
and the idea that the Soviet Union were technologically superior.
The gathering of photographic aerial intelligence was deemed essential.
Under the code name "Bald Eagle" the USAF began to solicit designs
for an aircraft capable of the dangerous reconnaissance overflights of the Soviet Union.
Now, as air defences got better, as each side began developed aircraft that could intercept
bombers, that could fly up and shoot down enemy aircraft, one of the crucial things was,
if you're going to take good quality photographs, you need to do it at height.
But in order to do that, that aircraft had to have some very, very special properties.
It needed to be out of the range of Soviet air defences, particularly aircraft, so it couldn't
be shot down. It needed to be able to fly over long distances. It needed to carry the right sort
of equipment to take those images. And crucially, it needed to be able to come back time after time.
They turned to engineer Clarence Kelly Johnson and his team known
as the Skunkworks. Just 8 months after being given the contract, Skunkworks delivered the
first U-2 - effectively a high-flying powered glider that operated on the edge of space.
The U-2 entered service in 1956. The aircraft had a flight ceiling of 70,000 ft,
initially believed to be beyond the reach of Soviet fighters, missiles and radar.
Even so, every U-2 mission was dangerous, but they risk was deemed essential.
Herbert York: The U-2 flights started precisely because we were uncertain about what was going on
and we wanted to know more about it, in particular President Eisenhower.
So everyone knew that the U-2 was a deliberate violation of international norms and everyone
knew that eventually the U-2 would come a cropper, that it would be shot down, but nevertheless the
need for better information than we had was so great that we went ahead with it anyway.
Every flight was at risk of being perceived as an unauthorized invasion of another country’s
airspace. It was agreed that the overflights would be operated by the CIA rather than the military,
so that in the event of being shot down, the flight was less likely to be perceived as an
act of war. To complicate matters, the U-2 was not exactly a particularly easy aircraft to fly.
All of the trade-offs that Kelly Johnson had to make to enable that aircraft to fly at such height
and to take those images made it incredibly difficult for the pilots.
Even just taking off and landing, to preserve that narrow, pencil thin
fuselage. It had a bicycle undercarriage. It required props under each under each wing.
It's designed to give off its best in the rarefied atmosphere of 70,000 ft close to space
and in the thicker air closer to earth, that makes it a very difficult prospect for the pilot to fly,
especially as he's on oxygen, he's fully suited up, almost like an astronaut, eating food out of
a tube and drinking water out of a tube. The pilots needs to be able to feel the
movement of their aeroplane. They need to be able to have an instinctual relationship
with that aircraft. So it was the very best pilots that were selected to fly the U-2.
My last flight was flying the U2. It’s a magnificent platform. It’s demanding on the pilot.
The men and women that fly the U-2 – they’re going up for 10 sometimes 12 hours at a crack –
you’re in that same pressure suit environment. Err you come back in,
you have to stall the airplane. It’s got to come down on its rear wheel first – if the nose wheel
touches it will go down a whole 10,000ft runway and never land. But it’s an aircraft of the past.
Despite the challenges involved, the U2 supplied the US with critical
information that it could not have obtained elsewhere. In four years of overflights,
the U-2s completed around 30 reconnaissance missions – approximately 90% of their hard
intelligence data came from U-2 cameras. But the CIA were always aware of the risks.
Going into this affair, we all believed that the U-2 would not be seen
and the Russians wouldn't know we were there. That fallacy lasted until the first
penetration of denied territory. It turned out, in retrospect, the U-2 was really quite
invisible to American radar, but Russian radar were a little different - better, you might say.
I can remember squadrons of fighters beneath the U2 trying to reach up and knock it down.
Then in 1960, Francis Gary Powers set off from Pakistan at 6am. He was expected to fly some
2,900 miles of Soviet airspace before arriving into Norway.
But half way into his mission, he disappeared. This is the partial pressure helmet and partial
pressure suit that was worn by U-2 pilots, including Gary Powers. He's wearing something very
much like this when on the 1st of May 1960 he was shot down by a Soviet SA2 surface to air missile.
It was, in fact a near miss. It just needed to explode close enough to the
fragile and complex U-2 to cause it to spin wildly out of control and begin to disintegrate.
Powers was able, finally, as this aircraft came down, to get out, to parachute down and was, in
fact, captured and taken prisoner by the Soviets. The CIA, believing Powers to be dead, claimed that
the aircraft had in fact been performing a weather flight. The Soviets meanwhile not
only had Powers alive and captured, but had the aircraft wreckage itself along
with the photographs it had been taking. The East-West Paris Summit was due to take
place a matter of days later. The US and USSR had been making significant progress
towards a peace agreement. This event was not only embarrassing for Eisenhower and the US,
it was a disastrous escalation of tensions. Khrushchev wanted Eisenhower to both apologize
for the past flights over his country and to say that they wouldn't do them again.
Eisenhower didn't do this. Eisenhower was still not keen on admitting that the program existed.
And so the Soviets actually pulled out of the peace conference that was to go ahead in Paris.
Gary Powers was placed on trial in the Soviet Union, a grand occasion that was widely
publicized and televised. He was sentenced to ten years, including seven years of hard labour.
But in fact he served just under two years after being exchanged for a Soviet spy.
But in the years that followed his capture, an unwarranted feeling of mistrust of Powers
began to take hold in the United States. He was a man who could dedicated his life
to serving the United States. And yet there are always questions about, Well, why didn't he kill
himself? Why didn't he use his poison device? And this kind of followed Powers, even despite the
fact that he was completely exonerated. And it's interesting to think that this this one man who
did something that is quite extraordinary had to face so many questions about both his bravery
and his commitment to his country. So Khrushchev abandoned the Paris
Summit. And the possibility of an arms control or peace deal were closed down. Eisenhower
left office and young John F Kennedy took over. Just three months after Kennedy’s inauguration,
one of the biggest incidents of his presidency took place.
The United States had been becoming deeply concerned about the situation in Cuba,
after the nation had become communist under Fidel Castro in 1959.
There were many Cuban exiles living in Florida who desperately wanted a change of government,
and the US government did not want to see Cuba maintained as a communist state.
And so President Eisenhower had agreed to a plan whereby Cuban refugees who had been
trained and armed in the United States would launch an invasion and take back the island
from Castro. Now, Eisenhower left office, but this plan remained on the books, and President Kennedy
signed it off, but he signed it off in a limited way. He didn't want the US to be too involved.
The invading forces were badly outnumbered. The invasion was a failure.
The Bay of Pigs was a very clear message sent to Castro and indeed to the Soviet Union.
They said the United States was prepared to back an overthrow of that regime. Castro reached
out to the Soviet Union for protection. And so that led to Khrushchev eventually
agreeing to station nuclear missiles in Cuba. On 14 October 1962, a U-2 brought back images
that revealed what the US feared. The photos essentially revealed that in several
locations in Cuba, Soviet missiles were being brought in, unloaded and made ready to launch.
The camera used on the U2 was the Hycon Model 73B, known as the B camera. It was capable of
identifying objects as small as 2 and a half foot from a height of 60,000ft. The photos
clearly revealed that there were medium-range and intermediate-range ballistic nuclear
missiles under construction in Cuba that had the capacity to reach San Francisco. This wasn’t
a new threat militarily – Soviet missiles already had the capacity to reach across
the US – but the political implications of having them on their doorstep was a huge issue.
So what were Kennedy’s options? If he did nothing, the world would think that the Soviet premier had
pushed the president into a corner. All of Kennedy’s Joint Chiefs of Staff believed air
strikes were the best option. But Kennedy was reluctant to take that step. A middle ground was
chosen: a naval blockade of Cuba was actioned. Alongside which, regular photographic
reconnaissance was necessary to confirm or deny whether those missiles were ready for use.
The next 13 days were some of the most dangerous that the world has ever faced.
Then on 27 October, something happened that brought the crisis to the brink.
The first shot was fired. So in conventional warfare,
actions have consequences. And they're well understood.
If one of your aircraft is shot down, the normal next step is to retaliate.
But the problem in the situation in Cuba is that any escalation
could lead eventually to nuclear conflict. And this, of course, became a direct problem
on the 27th of October 1962, when Major Rudolf Anderson piloting a U-2 on a
reconnaissance flight over Cuba was shot down by a Soviet surface to air missile.
Anderson had taken off from a base in Florida and just a few hours into the mission,
two surface-to-air missiles rocketed into the sky, one exploding near his U-2. Shrapnel pierced his
flight suit and helmet, likely killing him instantly. Anderson was the first and only
American casualty during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Kennedy and his advisors began to prepare for an
attack on Cuba within days, unless a diplomatic resolution could be found.
The US government thought that the Soviets would then move on West Berlin,
that the Americans would be forced to retaliate, and that very quickly, a nuclear war would occur.
On the other hand, this was also an opportunity to realize how far down
the road of conflict both sides had gone. Khrushchev did not want this to precipitate
a nuclear war. Kennedy certainly didn't either. Back channels that were established between
the United States and the Soviet Union in order to smooth over and try and work out
the situation without it escalating out of everyone's control began to be used.
A deal was reached directly between Khrushchev and Kennedy. The missiles would be removed
from Cuba if the US agreed to not invade. And another provision was tacked onto the
end of the agreement: the US would also take its nuclear missiles out of Turkey.
This wasn’t publicly acknowledged by the United States. But a few months later,
those missiles that were threatening the Soviet Union were withdrawn.
The U-2 played a pivotal role in two of the most famous events of the Cold War, the shooting down
of Gary Powers and the Cuban Missile Crisis. And the U2 was at the centre of these events because
gathering photographic intelligence was so important. It was a fact recognized during
the Second World War. It was a fact recognized by Eisenhower. And it’s a fact that is still
true today. And for that reason that the U-2 is still in service. Some people assume that because
we now have satellites and drone technology, that things like the U-2 are not required.
But satellites, for example, are quite predictable.
It's easy to know when a satellite will be overhead. An aircraft like the U-2
can provide the sort of intelligence that is needed whenever it's needed.
The U-2 has been upgraded many times with new systems, with new camera technology… But
essentially, the missions are the same. And the aircraft is very much the same.
The things that Clarence Kelly Johnson designed into that airframe to allow it to fly
so high and for so long are still vital to the way executes its missions today.
And it's for that reason that aircraft like this are in service today. And the requirement
for aircraft like this to carry out those jobs will likely continue for many years to come.