Transcriber: Cunyu Wang Reviewer: Cissy Yun
In 1995, a graphic design teacher named Lynda Weinman
and also an aspiring entrepreneur
decided to get the website lynda.com.
She did so because she needed a sandbox to play in,
with the new graphic design tools,
the digital tools that were being developed at that time:
Photoshop, Illustrator and many more.
She needed a place to put her students’ work, so all could see it.
Well, she put that website together and the business began to grow.
And in 2002, she discovered it could be much, much more.
So she moved all of her teaching online.
Some 16 years later, the business was sold to LinkedIn,
who renamed it LinkedIn Learning, sold for 1.5 billion USD.
Lynda is the poster child for what I call,
“the counter conventional mindsets” of entrepreneurs.
So I want to tell you about these mindsets today.
And here we go.
So, number one, why do I call them Counter-Conventional?
First, these six mindsets run counter to the best practices,
as we call them, that are done in big companies today.
They fly in the face of much of what we teach at London Business School
and other business schools,
about strategy, about marketing,
about risk and about much more.
Now, you might say, “John, what do you mean by mindset?”
A mindset, of course, is up here, right?
It's those things attitudes, habits, thoughts, mental inclination,
which when something comes our way,
predetermines the response we make to that something that comes our way.
And those somethings, as we entrepreneurs call them,
are opportunities.
So I want to tell you about these six mindsets.
And the first one I call, “Yes, we can.”
Now B-School Strategy 101 says the following:
What we’re supposed to do in a company is stick to our knitting.
We've got to figure out what we're really good at.
We call them core competencies,
and we’ve got to build on them,
invest in them, nurture them, make them more robust.
And if somebody comes along and says,
“Can you do something different that’s outside of that?”
What are we supposed to say?
“No, I’m sorry, we don’t do that around here.”
Well, a Brazilian entrepreneur named Arnold Correa
built a wonderful business that today is called Atmo Digital,
by disregarding those rules.
He had already reinvented his business twice to become
a major provider of event management and production services.
When one of his customers said to him,
“I have 260 stores scattered all around Brazil, and Brazil is a big country,
and I’d like to be able to broadcast training and motivational event
to the stores in real time.
So, Arnold, could we put televisions in the training room of all my stores?
And could we build a satellite uplink,
so we can send all this wonderful stuff to the stores?”
So what did he say?
He said, “Yes, we can do that.”
Even though he knew nothing about satellite technology,
had never operated outside Sao Paulo.
But he got it done.
Then several years later, some of his other customers,
one of them in particular, Walmart, said,
“Well, you know,
it’s nice that we have all of these television screens
in the back room of the store.
But wouldn't it be cool if we had them on the sales floor?
Because then we could run advertising.
So when the customer walks down the aisle for detergent,
perhaps there’s an ad for Procter and Gamble detergent in that aisle.”
And what did Arnold say to that request? “Yes, we can do that.”
Over a period of years,
Arnold reinvented his business fundamentally
four different times,
by saying when a customer wanted something new
that lay outside his core competencies,
“Yes, we can.”
The second one I want to tell you about.
I call “Problem first, Not Product-first Logic.”
So in big companies today, it’s all about the products.
So when I’m in the US,
my family and I have used Tide for many years to wash our clothes,
and we get a chuckle every now and then
because we can tell the new brand manager has come along
because what happens?
They change the product, right?
They take the blue speckles out of it and turn them green,
and they call it new improved.
They change the scent from mountain fresh to sea breeze.
And they call it new improved.
Is this innovation, guys?
I’m not so sure.
Coca-Cola, what is there? There was classic Coke,
and then there was new Coke that didn't work out too well.
Then there was Diet Coke and Coke zero and Vanilla Coke and Cherry Coke.
Lots of Cokes.
There was natural Coke or “Coke Natural” within the green bottle.
Do you remember that one?
That’s gone too.
I don't think this is what innovation is all about.
But for entrepreneurs,
we don’t focus on products.
We focus on problems.
So a guy named Jonathan Thorne,
had developed a technology that did something very useful.
This instrument you see in front of you, it's called a surgical forceps.
It’s the tool that almost every surgeon in any kind of medical discipline
to do his or her work.
But there’s a problem with these surgical forceps.
They stick to human tissue.
So imagine you’re having a facelift
and the plastic surgeon is doing the final touches,
but the tissue sticks to the forceps.
Maybe it's not going to look quite as good as it was supposed to look.
And maybe the plastic surgeon is going to get a little frustrated
and it's going to take longer to do the work.
And John said, “That’s a problem I think I can solve,”
with a new silver nickel alloy that he had developed.
Well, it turned out the business didn't grow very fast,
focusing on plastic surgeons.
So he said, “I wonder if there’s another surgical specialty
that has an even bigger problem that I could solve.”
And he discovered one.
It’s neurosurgeons.
And neurosurgeons work in two places on our bodies,
in our spines and in our brain.
So I hope you never have brain surgery and I hope I never have it.
But if they have to take a little tumor out,
I hope the forceps don’t stick to some other tissues
because I kind of want to keep all the brain cells I can. Right?
John Thorne built a fantastic business, sold it some years later to Stryker.
Stryker is very happy. John and his investors are very happy too.
Why?
Because John focused on solving problems, not on thinking about products.
The next one. I call it “Think Narrow, Not Broad.”
Like John Thorne,
an entrepreneur I’m going to tell you about focused on a problem,
but they thought very narrowly about a target market.
But the big company wisdom doesn't want narrow target markets.
It wants big target markets. Right.
Because you’ve got to move the needle.
Why would a big company mess around with something small?
But like John Thorne,
Philip Knight and Bill Bowerman, when they founded Nike,
a company we all know very well today, had identified a problem.
It was a problem that a very narrow target market had.
Phil Knight was a runner, a distance runner,
and he could run almost, not quite, a four minute mile.
And Bill Bowerman was his track coach.
And there’s a problem with their shoes,
because running shoes in those days were really made for sprinters.
And when sprinters train, they run around a track.
It’s nice, smooth track.
But distance runners don’t run around tracks.
Where do they run? They run on country paths and dirt roads,
and they're always stepping on sticks and rocks.
So they get sprained ankles and they run mile after mile after mile
and they get shin splints.
Well, Knight and Bowerman said, “We need better shoes.
Shoes that are made, especially for distance runners,
especially elite distance runners who really train a whole lot.
We’re going to build a better shoe that’s going to have
better lateral stability, a wider footbed
it’s going to have a little more cushioning in it
to protect against those shin splints.
And by the way, if it's a little bit lighter weight,
a few ounces lighter times all the steps and running a mile or a two or a marathon,
it’s going to make for faster race times too.
So we know what happened with Nike, right?
Once they developed the skills to design shoes explicitly made for a target market,
a narrow one.
And once they learned to import those shoes from Asia,
and once they learn to get athletes to adopt those shoes, what did they do?
Well, John McEnroe in tennis,
Michael Jordan and basketball came next.
And we know what the story is with Nike today.
They’re the global leader in athletic footwear and much more.
The next one, “Ask for the Cash and Ride the Float.”
Big companies today are awash in cash. Even in these tricky times we're in today.
There's cash all over the place, right?
Merck in 2018 spent
all this money, $18 Billion,
giving money back to shareholders through stock buybacks and dividends.
And they could only find 10 billion worth of R&D to do with all that cash.
Is something wrong here? I think this just doesn’t feel right.
But for entrepreneurs like Elon Musk and the Tesla team,
cash is the lifeblood of the entrepreneurial venture.
So when Musk joined the Tesla team, he said, Well, what's the plan here?
And the team had a plan. It was to build a really fancy sports car,
make a lot of money from that one,
use that money to build a somewhat lower priced car,
make some money from that one,
and then we're going to build a mass market car that more people can afford.
And in so doing, we're going to make a real dent in the emissions problem that
the global automobile industry creates.
Well, what Musk said is, well, let’s go see if we can sell some cars.
They did a little road show in California.
They invited people on this road show with three characteristics.
Number one, they cared about the environment.
Number two, they were wealthy.
Number three, they thought it might be cool to have
the next big thing parked in their driveway.
Well, guess what?
They sold 100 Tesla Roadsters for $100,000 each.
Cash on the barrel head pay tonight.
How much? Do the math.
How much money have they got to start building Roadsters?
10 million USD in the bank in cash before they had built Roadster number one.
Well, that principle has carried Tesla all the way through its journey.
So when they introduced the Model 3, several years ago
nearly half a million consumers put down deposits of $100,000.
I’m sorry, $1,000 each.
Do that math.
Half a million consumers, $1,000 each,
half $1 billion in the bank in cash with which to begin doing the engineering,
build the tooling, fit out the factory and more.
Wouldn’t you like to build your entrepreneurial venture
with that kind of business model?
The next one, I call it “Beg, Borrow.
But Please Don’t Steal”
In B-school Finance, we teach our students how to analyze whether
a project’s any good.
So you figure out how much investment you have to do.
And then you figure out
what the cash flows are going to be
going forward year after year after year
for 5 years or 10 years or whatever.
And then you you ask yourself,
Is that return on that investment sufficient?
And if the ROI is good enough, then you do the project.
That’s the idea.
But for Tristram Mayhew and Rebecca Mayhew, his wife,
who built a wonderful business in the U.K. called Go Ape,
a treetop adventure business. They didn’t think that way at all.
They said, Well, we want to build a tree top adventure business here in the U.K. .
They'd seen one in France that they liked on a vacation.
So where can we get some trees?
Well. Who’s got trees in the UK?
Well, it turns out the UK Forestry Commission has trees in the UK,
lots of them.
In all these Forestry Commission sites.
The Forestry Commission’s very interested in increasing their visitor count.
Well, what better way to increase their visitor count than to have
a Go Ape tree top adventure course on their land?
So what Tris and Bec essentially did was go to the Forest Service
or the Forestry Commission say, look,
“If you’ll give us a chance to build five of these
and show you that it works,
we’d like an exclusive for the rest of them for 25 years.”
The deal was done.
Today there are more than 30 Go Ape adventure sites across the UK.
There are a whole bunch of them in the US.
And how did that happen?
Because they borrowed most of the assets they needed.
They borrowed the trees, they borrowed the loos, they borrowed the parking lots,
all that stuff.
All they had to do was put their kit on the trees.
Pretty cool.
Okay.
Now entrepreneurs and permission are kind of like oil and water.
If you're an entrepreneur, you kind of know that, right?
But in a big company today, if you want to get something new done,
something entrepreneurial,
something this may be a little different than the norm.
You’ve got to pass it through the lawyers first,
because there are a lot of regulations everywhere.
and you don't want to do something that's going to land a top exec in jail.
It’s really hard to get a yes to doing something that’s new and innovative.
And it takes a long time, but it’s really easy to get a no.
For entrepreneurs, however, like Travis Kalanick and Garrett Camp,
who founded Uber.
Do you think they would have been wise to ask
the permission of the San Francisco regulators,
“Can we start a taxi company without any taxis?”
No, maybe not. Right?
Because had they asked, what do you think the regulators would have said,
“There is no way you’re going to do that.”
That’s going to threaten the current taxi industry, right?
So entrepreneurs don't ask permission. They just get on with it.
Now, I don't condone many of the things that Uber did along the journey,
many of them unethical, some of them probably illegal.
But the principle of entrepreneurs just getting on with it
when the regulations are perhaps ambiguous
or haven't sort of considered what could be done today digitally,
that’s when you get on with it.
So I want to close with four questions for you.
Question number one.
Which of these mindsets are embodied in you today? Maybe 1 or 2 of them already.
Question number two. Which of the others can you learn? Are these learnable?
I think they are.
Question number three.
Can you teach these to somebody you work with who has some challenges
for which these mindsets might help?
And more pertinently today,
is there a challenge you face today for which one of these mindsets or
a couple of them might help you get beyond
the roadblocks you’re facing with that challenge?
Okay, so there we go.
Six counter-conventional break the rules mindsets that can help anyone,
maybe you,
change the world.