Like we've done in the last several videos, let's assume
that we have some set of basis vectors B.
And let's say our basis is going to be v1 v2
all the way to vk.
So this will span a subspace of dimension k.
And let's assume that each of these guys are members of Rn.
So v1 v2 all the way to vk.
They're all members of Rn.
Now in the last video, we saw that we can define a change of
basis matrix.
And it's a fancy word, but all it means is a matrix that has
these basis vectors as its columns.
So v1, v2 all the way to vk as its columns.
So we're going to have k columns and we're going to
have n rows.
Because each of these guys are members of Rn, so they're
going to have n entries.
So we're going to have n rows.
So it's going to be an n by k matrix.
And we saw in the last video that if I have some vector a
that is a member of Rn-- and assuming that a is in the span
of B-- I can represent a.
I could say that a is equal to the change of basis matrix
times the coordinates of a with respect to our basis.
This is what we saw in the last video.
If I have the coordinates of a with respect to B, I can
multiply it by the change of basis matrix and I'll get my
vector a in standard coordinates.
Or if I have my vector a in standard coordinates, then I
can solve for my vector a in coordinates with respect to B.
We saw that in the last video.
Now let's take a special case.
Let's assume that C is invertible.
What does that mean?
Or what does that tell us about C?
Well if C is invertible, it's two things.
It means that C is a square matrix or has the same number
rows and columns.
And that its rows or columns-- You can pick either of them--
have to be linearly independent.
So linearly independent, let's just pick columns.
Now the second statement is a bit redundant.
We know that C has linearly independent columns, because
its columns are bases for a subspace.
So a basis, by definition, all of the vectors have to be
linearly independent.
So we know this is a bit redundant.
But what's interesting is if we know that C is invertible,
C has to be square.
And if all of these vectors are members of Rn, then k has
to be equal to n.
So C is square means that k is equal to n or that we have n
basis vectors.
Now if that's the case, what is the span of B?
Think about it.
We have n linearly independent vectors in Rn.
So any time you have n linearly independent vectors
in Rn, those guys are a basis for Rn.
Because any basis that has n entries-- and they're all
linearly independent-- is going to be a basis for Rn.
So then B is a basis for Rn.
So if we know that C is invertible, we also know that
you can get to any vector in Rn by some linear combination
of your basis vectors right there.
In the last video, we had to make sure that this guy was in
the span of these vectors.
But now we don't have to make sure, because if C is
invertible, then the span of B is going to be equal to Rn.
Or another way you could say it is if the span of B is
equal to Rn.
If we have n vectors here, if k was equal to n, then we know
that the span of B would be equal to Rn.
And so we'd have n vectors here, n linearly independent
columns here, and it would be an n by n matrix with all of
the columns linearly independent.
So then C would be invertible.
So we could write if and only if.
And we could write it the other way.
If the span of B is Rn, then C is invertible.
And that's useful, because if either of these things are
true, then we can rewrite the same equation.
So let's say if we know this and we're looking for that, we
can just multiply C times that.
Let's say we know this and we're looking for that.
Before we had to do that augmented matrix and solve for
it, whatnot.
But if we know C is invertible, then one, we know
that any vector here can be represented in
the span of our basis.
So any vector here can be represented as linear
combinations of these guys.
So you know that any vector can be represented in these
coordinates or with coordinates with
respect to our basis.
We can multiply both sides of this equation times C inverse.
And what do you get if you multiply?
So it becomes C inverse C times our coordinates of a
with respect to B is equal to C inverse times a.
This is just the identity matrix right there.
Another way of writing this is that the coordinates of a,
with respect to our basis B, which spans all of Rn, is
equal to C inverse times our vector a.
Let's apply this a little bit.
Let's apply this.
Let's use this information, what we've done in this video.
Let's do some concrete examples.
So let's say I have some basis.
Let me define two vectors.
I'll do it this way.
So let's say I have v1 is equal to the vector 1, 3.
And let's say v2 is equal to the vector 2, 1.
And I have a basis that is equal to the set of v1 and v2.
Now I'll leave it for you to verify that these guys are
linearly independent.
But if I have two linearly independent vectors in R2,
then B is a basis for R2.
And if we write the change of basis matrix, if we say C is
equal to 1, 3, 2, 1, we know that C is invertible.
And actually to show that C is invertible, we can just
calculate its inverse.
So what's the determinant of C?
The determinant of C is equal to 1 times 1 minus 2 times 3.
So it's equal minus 5.
That's the determinant of C.
And so C inverse-- We figured out a general formula for
doing this for 2 by 2 matrices-- is equal to 1 over
the determinant of C, so 1 over minus 5 times-- You
switch these two guys, so you switch the 1's, and you make
these two guys negative.
So minus 2, and then minus 3.
And the very fact that this guy, the determinant of C, was
non-zero told us that this was invertible.
But anyway, this is C inverse.
So let's say that I have some vector a that
is a member of R2.
I'm just going to pick some random numbers.
Let's say that a is equal to 7, 2.
And I want to find out what the coordinates of a are with
respect to my basis B.
Well we go to this situation.
We know what a is, so we just multiply a times C inverse to
get this guy right here, to get the coordinates of a with
respect to B.
So let me write that down.
So what is C?
So C is that.
C inverse is that.
So we could write the coordinates of a with respect
to B is equal to C inverse times the standard
coordinates of a.
Or this is the same thing.
Let me put the actual numbers here.
The coordinates of a with respect to B are going to be
equal to C inverse, which is minus 1/5 times 1 minus 3
minus 2, 1, times a, times 7, 2.
And what is this equal to?
This is equal to minus 1/5.
And then we're going to get 1 times 7 plus minus 2 times 2.
So it's minus 4.
So 7 minus 4 is 3.
And then we're going to get minus 3 times 7, which is
minus 21, plus 1 times 2.
So minus 21 plus 2 is minus is 19.
So the coordinates of a with respect to the basis B are
going to be equal to-- Let me just multiply the negative
1/5-- you get minus 3/5.
And then you get plus 19/5.
So 19 over 5.
Just like that.
And let's verify that.
This means that a is equal to minus 3/5 times our first
basis vector plus 19/5 times our second basis vector.
Let's verify that that's the case.
So let's see, minus 3/5 times 1, 3, plus 19/5 times 2, 1.
Let's see what this is going to be equal to.
Let me write the two vectors.
This is minus 3/5 times 3 is minus 9/5.
And there we're going to add it to this guy.
So this guy is 2 times 19 is 38/5.
Right?
And then 19/5 times 1 is 19/5.
And then if you add these two vectors
together, what do we get?
We get minus 3/5 plus 38/5.
That's 35/3.
35/5 is 7, minus 9/5 plus 19/5.
That's 10/5 or 2.
And there you have it.
That was our original a.
So we see that a can definitely be represented as
minus 3/5 times our first basis vector plus 19/5 times
our second basis vector.
Now that was a case where we had some vector a and we
wanted to represent it in coordinates with respect to B.
What if we had the other way?
What if we said that some vector w's coordinates with
respect to B are-- I'll do something simple-- are 1, 1.
Then what is w in standard coordinates?
Well there we can just multiply.
Remember w is just equal to the change of basis matrix
times w's coordinates with respect to the basis B.
So w is going to be equal to the change of basis matrix,
which is just 1, 3, 2, 1, times the coordinates of w
with respect to B times 1, 1.
Which is equal to 1 times 1 plus 2 times 1 is 3.
And then 3 times 1 plus 1 plus 1.
So 3 times 1 is 3, plus 1 is 4.
So w is just equal to the vector 3, 4.
So there you see if our change of basis matrix is invertible,
which is really just another way of saying that are basis
spans Rn-- in this example it was R2-- then you can easily
go back and forth between coordinate representations in
our standard coordinates and coordinate representations
with respect to our basis.
Right?
This is with respect to the basis.
This is in standard coordinates.
And you can do that just simply by either using this
information or just saying, oh, the coordinates with
respect to the basis equal to C inverse times a, or the
inverse of our change of basis matrix times a.
Or saying our coordinates with respect to the standard basis
is just equal to the change of basis matrix times the
coordinates with respect to the basis.