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membership or PayPal feudal
fragmentation and lack of a centralized
state turned Italy into a field of
battle both for the countless local
states and for foreign invaders Italy
swallowed entire armies and Treasuries
becoming the doom of many great kings
and generals and nothing epitomized
these centuries long all-out conflicts
like the Italian Wars which pitted
against each other the two greatest
dynasties of Europe LaValle awara and
Habsburgs the battle of Pavia was the
climax of these Wars the Hundred Years
War finally ended in 1453 leaving
England with Calais as its sole
possession on the continent the new
French king louis xi fallow are used
this period of relative international
stability to fight disloyal vassals his
main opponent the Duke of Burgundy
Charles the bold was killed in action at
the end of the Burgundian war in 1477
leaving his daughter Mary as the sole
heiress of a vast fief both the French
King Louie and the Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick the 3rd Habsburg were eager to
acquire these lands by marrying their
sons to marry Frederick succeeded in
this endeavor marrying his son
Maximilian to marry
in the subsequent war Louie was defeated
by Maximilian the Treaty of Arras
divided Burgundian lands between France
and the empire via The Marriage of
Louie's heir Charles with the daughter
of Maximilian Margaret however Charles
the eighth would renege on the marriage
treaty in 1487 deciding to marry the
heiress of the Duchy of Brittany and
which sparked another conflict called
the French Breton war although Charles
won against a number of French Nobles
and Maximilian and married Anne he was
forced to sign the treaty of Solace in
1493 basically giving away the remainder
of Burgundy to the Empire all this
proved that the Valois and the Habsburgs
were too ambitious to remain at peace
for long Charles would look for other
opportunities to add to his domain and
in 1494 he would get one the Duke of
Milan
Ludovico Sforza asked him to invade
Italy using his weak claim on the throne
of Naples this invasion kick-started a
six decade-long conflict called the
Italian Wars we are planning to cover
the Italian wars in the future but in
short between 1494 and 1521 three
conflicts were fought during which Spain
and the Habsburgs took over Naples while
France gained the Duchy of Milan
in 1515 Francis the first became the
King of France while in 1516 the heir of
the Habsburgs Charles the first became
the king of Spain the death of the
Emperor Maximilian in 1519 made the Holy
Roman throne vacant and both Francis the
first and Charles the first worthy
candidates getting that throne would
have given either of them hegemony over
Europe the electors voted for Charles
and that meant that France was now
surrounded by the Habsburg domain from
all sides the dynastic rivalry
multiplied by the personal animosity
made a war inevitable Charles struck
first in 1521 his troops restored
Francesco Sforza to the throne of Milan
in 1522 the local French troops were
defeated as bacówka and forced to
retreat
Francis recruited a new army in 1523 but
as charted baba rebelled against him he
was delayed but Bart managed to escape
into Habsburg territory the king was now
forced to stay in Paris to prevent
further political dissent and sent his
favorite Devon of a in his stead
in October of 1523 the French entered
Italy with more than 25,000 troops
however the experienced Spanish general
Prospero Colonna outsmarted dip on Ave
by indicating that he had more troops
than he really did de Bonifay decided to
go to his winter quarters and that gave
time for the Habsburgs to gather around
30,000 troops fortunately for the French
Colonna passed away in December and his
replacements child illinois and baba
reached the area too late to prevent the
French retreat
however Devon of a failed to pay his
mercenaries in time so by the time he
reached the French border in the spring
of 1524 he had less than half of his
troops
meanwhile bought bonds 10,000 entered
Provence in the summer and took all the
major settlements safe for Marseille
which was besieged in September the city
stood defiant and the arrival of
France's with most of his troops forced
were born to retreats to Italy
Frances had around 40,000 men he ordered
them to enter Italy in three columns in
order to cut off bullhorns troops yet
the latter was too quick and managed to
retreat to pavia linking up with the
remainder of the Habsburg forces the
French King was undeterred he ordered
his troops to surround bin ESCO on the
24th thus threatening the line between
Milan and pavia
the citizens of Milan lost all hope and
presented the French King with the keys
to the city on the 25th
the forces under llinois and Baba didn't
know about this they moved in the night
and carried out a maneuver in order to
enter Milan without fighting the French
when they entered the city it became
clear that the fortifications were not
strong enough to withstand an assault so
the Spanish retreated to Lodi
Frances moved his troops into the city a
few hours later and gave his troops some
rest
a nine thousand strong Spanish garrison
still remained in pavia and Francis
ordered his army to besiege the city on
the 28th the main force under the king
remained to be north within Visconti
Park four thousand under DeLong Shaw
were placed to be West and four thousand
commanded by more more nc were to the
east of the city by the 31st French
artillery reached the area and was
divided into three batteries the
northern eastern and western the
bombardment of the city started
immediately the French still needed to
surround pavia from the south in order
to take control of the river Ticino
6,000 troops moved there on the 2nd of
November the commander of the garrison
de leyva had a very unique problem he
had more than enough food but lacked the
funds to pay his mercenaries according
to the sources the gold from the
churches was used as a salary by the
middle of November the French had
finally managed to destroy a small
section of the war both in the east and
the west de leyva started to create
defensive fortifications within the
walls on the 21st
the French assaulted the breaches with
Francis himself leading the eastern
Porsche
this assault failed due to overwhelming
fire from within the city the French
lost almost a thousand men and the king
ordered a retreat the siege continued
yet constant rains made artillery
ineffective Francis decided to continue
the siege in the hopes that speaker
sieged would run out of food or money he
was forced to send six thousand men to
the south in order to secure Genoa as
the Spanish Navy was getting ready to
disembark in the area in January of 1525
Spanish troops received almost 20,000
reinforcements and they now had around
30,000 near Lodi and 9,000 in Pavia
against 30,000 French troops surrounding
the city by the end of the month llinois
I approached the walls of Visconti Park
from the east he managed to sneak in a
small cavalry detachment with orders and
supplies both Habsburg forces were
running out of funds so the showdown was
getting close the noise plan was to
sneak in from the northern portion of
the wolf and attack castelo de Mirabella
where Francis's headquarters presumably
was at the same time part of the
garrison was supposed to Sally out upon
a signal on the 23rd of February has
2200 hours
a group of spaniards started moving
towards port a PEZ Corina in order to
breach the outer wall of the park French
cavalry under tissa law were patrolling
the area and noticed them yet he ignored
it thinking that they were retreating by
midnight the engineers were in position
and started destroying the wall they
obviously were very loud but TLR sounded
the alarm
only at 4:00 in the morning a 3,000
strong French pipe
were sent to the area and the de left
the Ross and Tessa longs one thousand
horsemen joined them a small artillery
battery was also placed against the
point of breach by five a.m.
three thousand Spanish Akabusi asunder
de Vasto entered the park through the
breach and opened the nearby gate they
were followed by light cavalry and
cannons all concealed by the morning fog
at 5:30 a.m. tear salons cavalry finally
came into contact with their Spanish
counterparts yet the fog didn't allow
the lines to engage in fold meanwhile
the Spanish arquebus ears entered the
forests to the north of Mirabella the
cannons weren't able to enter the forest
and without any support they were
captured by Diller Florence at the same
time Francis sent a small cavalry
detachment in order to learn what was
going on these horsemen attacks the
Spanish Cavalry's flank and that allowed
tissa la to push the enemy back
messengers were sent to the king with a
claim that the spanish attempt to enter
the park had been repelled the signal
from the main spanish camp were sounded
and then their cannons started shooting
volleys against Muammar in sea who
prepared his soldiers for a Sally from
the eastern gates but the besieged moved
out of the northern gate towards
Mirabella cutting off the eastern
portion of the French troops from the
main battle at 6:30 a.m. de Vasco's
troops emerged from the forest and took
Mirabella yet Francis wasn't there as
expected they tried to move to the south
but cannon fire from the east cost them
in the open and the Spaniards retreated
back to the castle
meanwhile more and more Spanish troops
entered the park from the north an 8,000
strong Lance connects unit Metz Dilla
forces 3000 Swiss pikemen and although
the latter were outnumbered they managed
to fight for hours another Spanish group
of 8,000 footmen and 2,000 horsemen
under Pescara entered the park and moved
towards Mirabella at 7:20 a.m. yet by
that time the French King was aware of
the situation and ordered the northern
French battery to shoot towards the
forest these volleys killed upwards of a
thousand Spaniards 2,000 enemy horsemen
were right in front of Frances so he
started forming up his 4,000 elite heavy
cavalry vision down their charge
dispersed the Spaniards immediately yet
this was a mistake in mere minutes the
French cavalry were surrounded by the
15,000 strong enemy from 3 sides and as
the chandan were now blocking the line
of sight of their own artillery no help
was coming from that side
Frances still had 4,000 Lance connects
and 2,000 footmen in reserve they were
sent forth to relieve the cavalry yet
the Spanish had one more 8,000 strong
group approaching and soon the French
infantry were fighting for their lives
in less than an hour the best french
knights and footmen were killed while
their king became a hostage Dilla
Florence and more Morin C attempted to
retreat to the south under the pressure
but many of the soldiers drowned in the
Ticino only the western portion of the
French and the DeLong short managed to
retreat in order
the French lost around 15,000 killed or
captured and most of their commanders
ended up dead or captive while the
Spanish lost less than 3000 in total the
war was effectively over and France
seemed lost yes the mother of Francis
Louise of Savoy became Regent and
quickly stabilized the situation gaining
allies in Italy England and even the
Ottoman Empire with new problems in
Germany Italy and on the Ottoman front
charles was eager to end the war with
Francis in January of 1526 the peace of
madrid was signed francis promised to
marry the sister of charles Eleonora
seed french burgundy to the empire and
milan to shall jabo born however as soon
as francis returns to Paris he reneged
on the treaty with the blessing of the
Pope a new treaty was signed in compre
Francis was to pay reparations and
relinquish all his claims to Italy
this war was just a page in the rivalry
between France and the Holy Roman Empire
and more documentaries on their
conflicts are on the way so make sure
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