Your tattoos are inside your immune system, literally. With each very tasteful piece of art,
you kick start a drama with millions of deaths,
grand sacrifices and your immune system stepping in to protect you from yourself.
Let's give you a tattoo and zoom in to see what happens inside your skin.
The Conveyor Belt of Death
Your skin has to solve a huge problem – it's your largest organ and has the most direct contact with
the world around you. Trillions of microbes, dirt, insects and vermin can’t be allowed to get inside you
– but your skin is also constantly damaged by you moving through the world.
Your body solved this by making your skin a conveyor belt of death. All the skin you see
is actually dead stuff. The alive part of your skin cells begins around one millimeter deep,
in the skin industrial complex. Stem cells constantly clone themselves producing new
skin cells that begin a journey from the inside to the outside.
Each new generation pushes the older ones further up. As your skin cells mature,
they interlock with each other and produce Lamellar bodies, tiny bags that squirt out
fat to create a waterproof coat that closes any gaps between them.
And then, they dry out and kill themselves, merging together into inseparable lumps.
This wall of dead corpses is consistently pushed upwards. Up to 50 layers of dead
cells cover your whole body and are constantly replaced by new cells moving up. Every hour,
you shed around 200,000,000 dead skin cells and all the dirt or bacteria that are stuck to them.
Tattooing this part of your skin would be
useless as nothing would stick around. We need to go deeper.
When the Fleshy World Explodes
Below the conveyor belt of death lies the dermis. It's full of structural tissue and cells,
tiny blood vessels, sensory cells that report to nerve endings, the roots of your hairs,
sweat glands regulating your temperature. And of course loads of immune cells,
guarding your flesh right below the moving border wall.
This region and below is where your new tattoo will go. Ok! Ready?
The world explodes. Half a dozen monoliths the size of skyscrapers slam through the fifty
layers of dead cells, deep into the dermis, ripping huge holes into the skin – only to
retreat and smash through the tissue again about twice a second. Tens of thousands
of cells are violently killed right away, ripped into pieces or damaged beyond repair.
Luckily, you did your research and chose a responsible tattoo artist who properly
disinfected their tools and your skin. But you only ever get 99.9% of all bacteria,
and some of the survivors made it into your flesh.
To put it mildly, your immune system is not amused at all! All the death and destruction
wakes up hundreds of thousands of Macrophages in your dermis, that rush into the open wounds to
defend you. Immediately they start killing bacteria, release chemicals that call for
reinforcements and order your blood vessels to open up and make your dermis swell up with fluid.
But worse than the hundreds of wounds and a few invaders is the tidal wave
of chemicals that floods your tissue. Tattoo ink can be made from hundreds of substances,
some may even be toxic or carcinogenic. Most are from heavy metals like lead,
nickel or chromium dissolved in distilled water.
The battlefield is now a wild mix of dead cell parts, a few panicked bacteria,
blood and bodily fluids, platelet cells trying to close wounds,
more and more fresh immune cells and the flood of tattoo ink.
On the scale of your cells, clumps of ink particles are huge – if you were
the size of a cell, they’d range from big dogs to small office buildings.
Your immune system has one main job: Identify what is not you and smash it until it's dead.
The Macrophages are desperately trying to do that. Like tiny octopuses,
they extend arm-like structures and begin pulling the ink particles inside. Usually,
when a Macrophage has eaten an enemy, it showers it in acid to dissolve it. But this doesn’t work
with the ink. They try and try but nothing works, the particles don't react in any way.
And this is just the particles small enough to be devoured.
By now the larger chunks are surrounded by thousands of your structural skin cells
and macrophages that are nomming on them, bathing them in acid and attack chemicals
trying to destroy and kill them. But they are not moving even a tiny bit.
Nothing works!
Finally your immune system has to concede. It will not win this fight – so it does the next
best thing: Not lose. Your cells don’t know how dangerous these metals and chemicals are,
but they can at least not let them spread around. So they just stay in place. They
vacuum up all the particles they can fit into their bodies and surround the larger
ones trapping them in the only prison they can build: themselves. Bit by bit, the ink inside
thousands of tiny wounds moves inside millions of immune cells that freeze in place forever.
On the outside you don’t notice any of this. Your new tattoo is fresh and the
colours vibrant. Your skin hurts and is irritated and swollen. But wounds heal,
tiny holes close, dead cells are replaced. Bit by bit, the conveyor belt of death does its job,
shedding dead cells ripe in colour, replacing them with fresh and clean ones. Your tattoo
becomes a little less vibrant, now the ink is no longer on your skin but inside it.
But what you are really seeing is millions of your Macrophages,
sitting in your dermis, patiently holding the ink in place, protecting your body
from poison. Your immune system is why your tattoo is forever.
Actually Nothing is Forever
Over time your Macrophages get old and die and new ones come in to gobble up the ink
and keep it in place. But sometimes a tiny bit of ink escapes. Most of it
is recaptured and locked in place, but not always the exact same place.
You notice that as your tattoo fades out a bit and turns less sharp and crisp at its edges.
Some of the ink escapes the tattoo entirely. It rides fluids flowing from your tissue
and spreads around your body, another reason why tattoo ink should ideally not be poison.
Your immune system also kind of doesn’t want you to remove tattoos – to do that usually the
ink is shot at with lasers, which heats up the particles until they break into smaller chunks,
cooking your brave Macrophages in the process. With every round of lasering,
more of your tattoo is broken down and carried away by fluids. But also every time
new Macrophages rush into the tattoo to lock the ink in place. So like uhm,
maybe think about it carefully before you get the name of your new bae tattooed, but you do you.
But if you got one, you can directly see your immune system protecting you. This
is how much your body loves you, which is kind of sweet. And while tattoos are
probably not that big of a deal for your body if applied correctly: you now know
about the struggle going on inside your skin and the sacrifice of your Macrophage buddies,
only for you to have that art forever.
To appreciate your amazing immune system,
you have to know about it first – and the same goes for anything going on in our universe.
To help you with that, we’ve created a series of lessons to take your scientific knowledge to
the next level. Made in collaboration with our friends at Brilliant.org,
these lessons let you further explore the topics in our most popular videos,
from rabies and mammalian metabolism to climate science and supernovae. Brilliant has thousands of
lessons to explore. And each one is interactive, like a one-on-one version of a kurzgesagt video.
Brilliant’s latest course, “How LLMs Work” takes you under the hood of real language models. It
demystifies technologies like ChatGPT with interactive lessons on everything
from how models build vocabulary to how they choose their next word. You’ll learn
how to tune LLMs to produce output with exactly your desired tonality,
whether it’s poetry or a cover letter. And you’ll understand why training is really everything,
by comparing models trained on Taylor Swift lyrics and the legal speech of Big Tech’s
Terms and Conditions. This isn’t just another course; it’s an immersive AI workshop,
allowing you to experience and harness the mechanics of today’s most advanced tool.
To get hands-on with Kurzgesagt lessons and explore everything Brilliant has to offer,
you can start your free, 30-day trial by signing up at Brilliant.org/nutshell.
There’s even an extra perk for kurzgesagt viewers:
the first 200 people to use the link get 20% off an annual membership once their trial ends.
We love seeing how the gears interlock with our research
– Brilliant gives you the tools to understand how everything fits together.