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- [Sensei] Welcome. You have traveled long and far,
through jungles and deserts, to learn econometrics.
Today you take your first step towards becoming a metrics master.
We will be studying the teachings of Master Joshway.
He and Master Stevefu built this place of learning.
Our first lesson is not for training your hands,
but for training your mind.
- [Josh] Our metrics path leads to choices and consequences.
But the way of metrics begins with questions.
We consider questions of world-shaking importance.
But some of our most interesting questions are personal --
what to study, where to work, whether to marry your sweetheart.
Here's a question you might have considered already.
Should you go to an expensive private university,
like Carnegie Mellon or Duke?
Or should you save money by going to your local state school,
say, Penn State or UNC?
Facing two roads, you can pick only one.
Pondering your direction,
you naturally consider the outcomes that lie at the end of each road,
what skills, connections, and opportunities await
in each scenario.
For one road, the one that you pick, all is revealed.
Suppose you pony up big bucks for private school
and head for a leafy campus.
- [Girl] Woo! Go Blue Devils!
- [Josh] After graduation, alas, your first job proves disappointing
and you're also saddled with a mountain of college debt.
- [Girl] These bills! I wonder...
- [Josh] You wish now that you could have seen
what lies at the end of your path down the other road,
the road that leads to state school and work and life beyond.
Unfortunately, the path not taken is obscure.
- [Sensei] We call the road not taken "the counterfactual."
- [Students] Counterfactual.
- [Sensei] The counterfactual road
leads to potential but unrealized outcomes.
Only by seeing the counterfactual can we evaluate our decision
of private versus public.
But the counterfactual road is hidden --
you can't see what's at the end of it.
So, what can we do?
- [Josh] In what sense can we imagine counterfactuals?
Imagine, perhaps, a cloning machine.
We send your clone down the counterfactual road.
At the end of this fanciful journey you'll meet your clone
and compare notes.
- [Girl] ...really great.
- [Josh] You then learn which of your two potential paths
lead to a more rewarding outcome.
We imagine that you and your clone are identical --
you have the same genes and life experience
up to the point at which your paths diverge.
This fact makes the comparison between the two of you
especially revealing.
The idea of a perfectly balanced comparison,
mystical and mysterious as it sounds,
is central to the hard-nosed quantitative discipline
of econometrics.
This idea is so important
that masters have given it a latin name: "ceteris paribus."
- [Sensei] Ceteris paribus.
- [Students] Ceteris par--, paribus, what? Ceteris paribus.
- [Sensei] Ceteris paribus means "other things equal,"
all other things.
With clones, we'd have perfect ceteris paribus,
and we'd actually get to play out the counterfactual scenario.
We'd have a clear picture of cause and effect.
- [Josh] In our fanciful cloning experiment,
the only differences between you and cloned-you arise
in the wake of a single decision -- to go private, or go public.
What comes later must therefore be caused by this single choice.
Too bad cloning to discover counterfactuals
is impractical, maybe even illegal.
But cloning is also unnecessary.
Metrics masters make it their business
to discover something seemingly unknowable and obscure --
what lies at the end of the road not taken.
- [Camilla] How is that possible?
- [Sensei] We don't have a cloning machine,
but if you develop the right mindset you won't need one.
Wielded with judgement and skill,
the weapons of econometrics can provide
ceteris paribus comparisons.
Time for your first test of ceteris paribus.
Otto, does private university attendance pay?
How would you discover this?
- [Otto] By following two groups of students,
one going private and the other public --
then we measure their average wages.
- [Sensei] This has been done. Here's what it shows.
Those who attend private school earn 14% more.
- [Otto] Then a private university is worth it.
- [Sensei] Have you forgotten about ceteris paribus?
Look at the group of students on each road.
Let's compare them as they set out for college.
Are they truly similar?
Do they have the same test scores, family background, and ambition?
Almost certainly not.
- [Otto] Oh, stupid! - [Sensei] Surely these differences
between public and private groups also affects their wages.
Can ceteris really be said to be paribus?
Fortunately, this is a training exercise.
In the high-stakes world of real empirical work,
forgetting ceteris paribus would lead you
straight into the arms of one of our mortal enemies --
selection bias.
We'll learn how to confront selection bias next time we meet.
Rest up. You'll need your strength!
- [Narrator] You're on your way to mastering econometrics.
Make sure this video sticks
by taking a few quick practice questions.
Or, if you're ready, click for the next video.
You can also check out MRU's website
for more courses, teacher resources, and more.
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