when fungi are taken in uh mycologists gave them a new name they call them microsomes
microsomes little fungus bodies but the same thing happens to them when they go in
their paper here they titled turning the table plants consume microbes as a source of nutrients
that was their title and they named this process rhizophagia
and and every time there's a growth spurt it's because the microbes are producing ethylene
so if we remove all these microbes you have no root hair formation you you guys found
exit points um through these through these little tips have you guys found like how how are the
bacteria actually entering like are they is the ones that get dissolved are those the bacteria
that have completed their cycle and have returned back to the plant with the nutrients that there
have requested required have you ever wondered how plants consume microbes well in this video we're
going to get into it with james white and the rest of the team here on perfect gardens tv please
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make sure to hit the join button on the bottom of every video this is a see root cells here
and you can see those little tetrads inside those cells so this is just so you can get a close look
at the bacteria inside the cells and this is in the area that these bacteria are going in
but all these are soil microbes you know they're initially from the soil so plants need healthy
soils in order to acquire these microbes from those soils these can be fungi and when fungi
are taken in there they actually mycologists gave them a new name they call them microsomes
microsomes little fungus bodies but the same thing happens to them when they go in except here no
fungi can fix nitrogen so there's no nitrogen fixation or anything like that happening with
fungi but instead plants are affected in a similar way this this work was published in plos one it's
one of the open access journals back in 2014 by peter atsat and michael whitesides okay so this is
out of not from my lab but from other labs of the word really interesting study this process of root
internalizing microbes was was first discovered in 2010 by an australian group and queensland
australia and what they did is they found yeast and they found bacteria were going into root cells
and so they then tagged the bacterium with the green fluorescent protein which you can then put
in the dna of the bacterium or the yeast and then you could look under a microscope and you can see
wherever those bacteria go and the cells fluoresce and so this is something from their paper
and you can see a root hair here on e you see a root hair and see little dots in there those are
the yeasts in there and their their paper here they titled turning the table plants consumed
microbes as a source of nutrients that was their title and uh and they named this process rhizome
a rhizoc process and that is that plants are attracting these bacteria from the soils to the
root tips using exudates and then they will take them into the root cells and they'll hit them with
superoxide and that will take their cell walls off and this is what you referred to mark before
oxidize off their cell walls off of these bacteria and they'll form they'll become
these naked protoplasts inside the cells and then they'll continue to hit them
with superoxide reactive oxygen and then they will continue to get nutrients out of them they'll
replicate the ones that survive the survivors that will produce enough ethylene to cause these root
hairs to elongate and so then you have root hairs forming and as those root hairs form the plants
squirt the bacteria back out into the soil they squirt is kind of non-scientific word
but they eject them every time there's a growth spurt they eject some bacteria they grow again
and and every time there's a growth spurt it's because the microbes are producing ethylene
so if we remove all these microbes you have no root hair formation or if we suppress
ethylene using some other method to do that we can do that and then you get no repairs forming so
plants only have rooty hairs because they have bacteria in those root cells
okay so they're ejected out okay and then as you mentioned mark they will reform their cell walls
out here and and it is true that some sugars will go out with the tips of the hairs and give them
some nutrients so that they have the nutrients they need the energy they need to reform their
cell walls then they'll go back out into the soil they'll acquire nutrients and then later
on they'll be attracted back to the root tips that are growing and so you have this cycle where
bacteria acquire nutrients in the soil and then they are internalized into the fruit
cells where the nutrients are extracted from them and then they go back it's a just continual
cycle like this we think that some bacteria are fully degraded they don't really participate in
the cycle they're just consumed other bacteria are due cycle and those the ones that cycle are
the ones that plants uh cultivate in the in the rhizosphere this area outside the room
so sorry go ahead i was just gonna ask you you guys found exit points um through
these through these little tips have you guys found like how how are the bacteria
actually entering like are they maybe eating or going through that cellular structure or
are there access points or have we where are you guys how do they get in how they get in or so
no that's it's at the root tip but the walls are thin at the root tip they're soft right and
that's the spot that the plants are putting out these exudates to cultivate the microbes okay so
we do not know exactly how they go through that soft cell wall uh one idea uh proposed by the
queensland australia group is that it is cell eating or phagocytosis that the cell
actually can get them somehow it's hard to see how that happens with a wall a soft wall there but
uh the other another idea is that the microbes
will degrade their way in and once they degrade their way in because these microbes all have
cell uh cellulases for the wall that's made of cellulose so they could get in there pectinases
and stuff like that so they can get in but once they're in then they're at the mercy of the
of the root cell and superoxide and they can't produce any enzymes then once they're in they
can't do anything they're kind of like a parasite they're kind of like a parasite at that point
they're they're more well on the outside they're like a parasite uh they could be a pathogen but
once they're in they're not they once they're in they're captive they're captive because the plant
with superoxide will oxidize any proteins they have any cell walls they make and that prevents
them from getting out or prevents them from doing any damage because they can't make any
enzymes right the plant is zapping all of it and superoxide is that o3 that's o with an extra uh
with a negative oh it's o within that oh yeah it's highly potent it's highly potent form of reactive
oxygen but it's very short-lived so it's a very precise type of reactive oxygen yeah you could
have other forms but that uh that it lasts longer like hydrogen peroxide but they're much weaker
right superoxide is very short-lived but very very potent so it's uh
it's a probably the logical to to use this whole process by the way you know well i won't go into
evolutionary cycle but of course it's tied to getting oxygen in the atmosphere right and you
can antigen levels stem into another conversation for a man or two it's okay this is kind of how we
do our dialogue we yeah we talk and tell we don't know right they're like oh you know that's the
i didn't think about that before so yeah um the next one i had a theory around it's just me just
listening to you guys and then try interpreting it when you when you say some of them get dissolved
completely and some of them get in a sense a plant communicates something attaches to it and gets
resent back out my question is is the ones that get dissolved are those the bacteria that have
completed their cycle and have returned back to the plant with the nutrients that there
have requested required no those would be the ones that cycle right all around those
are the ones that keep cycling that survive and set up a sustainable symbiosis with the plant
uh the ones that get fully dissolved would be ones that are not very oxidatively resistant and what
would happen is the pathogenic well they might be pathogenic they might be just other microbes
that like sugars that the plant's secreting and they get caught up in this process going in with
these other bacteria then when the superoxide hits they're not able to tolerate it and then they're
fully degraded right superoxide they cannot resist the superoxide they're their protoplasts are fully
bombarded by superoxide now i mean we think right i mean we don't have a lot of experience with
those because those types that are highly uh that that don't cycle because we're studying the
ones on seeds and the plants put on their seeds the ones that work in the rhizome feature cycle
and as endophytes in the plant and to do that you have to be uh oxidatively resistant to some extent
right you can't you can't be fully degraded when the plant puts super peroxide on you okay so we're
so there's a lot yet that we don't understand about the process and we have to learn
here's the fit for 25b list essentially what this is is a list of active ingredients
may be used in non-food use products under section 48 it's basically the you know the
garlic group from the government these lists like see all these oils these are considered
you know environmentally safe doesn't mean they're human safe