Hi, I'm Michael Corayer and this is Psych Exam Review. In the past few videos we've been looking
at Piaget's theory of cognitive development along with some related topics and we've been thinking
about the skills and abilities that children develop over time as they progress through
these stages. But what we haven't really addressed is how it is that children make this improvement?
How is it that they acquire particular skills? Or how is it that they stopped making particular
types of errors? and this brings us to consider the role of the social environment in shaping
development. So when I talked about assimilation and accommodation, I gave an example of a child
accommodating, updating their knowledge structure or schema, based on some experience like seeing a
bunch of things that are called birds and then making the error of calling a bat a bird. And
in this case, it was necessary that somebody provides feedback to the child; that an adult
says "actually a bat is not a bird". This gives the child the information to update their schema,
right? To recognize that not all small flying things are birds. So here we see the importance
of this feedback from another person in order for the child to update the schema,
right? The child wouldn't know that a bat is not a bird without someone stepping in and providing
that guidance and saying "actually this word is not used that way, you can't call a bat a
bird". So this brings us to consider the role that adults or even other children can play in shaping
development. And this brings us to the ideas of Lev Vygotsky, who was a Soviet psychologist born
in 1896 in what's now Belarus, and who lived until 1934, where unfortunately he died rather
young of tuberculosis. And here's a picture of Vygotsky here. One of Vygotsky's ideas is that
children are able to progress just at the edge of their ability and he called this the Zone
of Proximal Development. This refers to any of the skills that are just outside of a child's
current level of competence. And so they're not able to complete these tasks independently, but
if they get a little bit of help from somebody, whether it's a peer or parent, or a teacher, then
they're able to complete this task. And so this additional help is referred to as "scaffolding"
and it helps to support the direction of growth. Ao we have a child who is just almost able to do
something and somebody else steps in and gives them just enough assistance to accomplish it,
and then by doing this the child, in the future, will be able to accomplish it on their own. So
that's how they learn to improve their skills. If we were to express this graphically, we might
just think of, you know, if this blue circle here represents a child's current abilities, then the
zone of proximal development would be this area just outside of that, right? So these are just
beyond the child's reach. But we could also think about somebody providing just a little bit of
assistance, just that extra push that allows the child now to accomplish this task here. And then
over time, if we're doing that in, you know, all these different areas of development, then we're
sort of expanding the child's competence. And of course this doesn't just apply to children.
We could think about this Zone of Proximal Development for any skill where somebody might
be able to accomplish something with just a little bit more help. So whether it's, you know, high
school students or college students who are in an undergraduate program and then they're getting a
little bit of help from advisors in order to you know tighten up their writing, and now they're
able to write things that they couldn't write before. And then they're in graduate school
and they're getting additional support, right, for even more challenging tasks. And so this
is something that we can apply to any type of learning throughout our entire lifespan, not just
for something like moving through Piaget's stages of development. And this idea that we depend on
others to help shape our development and they help to push us to do things that we can't do
independently brings us to the consideration of how it is we learn how to make connections with
other people. How do we get these people who are helping us in our development? How do we connect
with them? How do we form social relationships? That's what we're going to look at in the
next video, starting with the most important relationship, the first relationship that we
might form, with our mother; which is referred to as attachment. So I hope you found this helpful,
if so, please like the video and subscribe to the channel for more. Thanks for watching!