We finished off the last video entering
into the Great Depression.
It wasn't just a depression for the US.
It was a depression for the world.
But I want to back up a little bit,
because I forgot to mention a very important fact that's
hugely important to the rest of US history
into the 20th century.
And that's what happened in 1917, actually during World War
I. And that's the Bolshevik Revolution.
The Russian empire was overthrown by the Bolsheviks.
And it became the Soviet Union, which you probably know
was a communist state, and it became the United States
archenemy over the rest of-- well,
not over the rest of-- but near the, I guess,
the second half of the 20th century.
So with that out of the way, I just
want to make sure you know that Russia is now the Soviet Union.
Let's fast forward back through the Great Depression,
and probably the one point when we're
doing this very high-level overview that's of interest.
And as you can see, even though the focus of this series
of videos is on US interest, what's
happening in the rest of the world
is starting to become much more important, because the US is
starting to become this really serious global actor.
And so in 1933-- so this is right in the middle
of this global depression, and Germany was especially
hit hard because of all the damage done by World War
I and the war reparations and all the rest.
You have Hitler coming to power as chancellor of Germany.
And it's interesting to note that it was actually--
he came to power in a democratic process.
Chancellor of Germany is analogous to prime minister
of other countries, and so essentially he
was ruling a coalition.
The Nazis, his party, did not have the majority.
But they were able to control this coalition.
Although it was a very weak one.
But what they were good at is intimidating and rigging
elections and all the rest.
And so over the course of the rest of the '30s,
essentially the Nazis consolidated power
until we get to 1939.
And the rest of the world would kind of watch Hitler.
He was consolidating power.
He came in democratically, but he was essentially
consolidating power under himself,
turning it into a dictatorship.
He was militarizing Germany.
People started to get concerned, but they all
had the doctrine of appeasement.
Hey, you know, let's just not make him too angry
and maybe he won't start anything too bad.
But in 1939, Germany invades Poland.
And this is kind of viewed as the one event
that kind of-- the straw that breaks the camel's
back, so to speak.
And so it begins World War II.
So this is the beginning of World War II.
And initially it's between-- I guess
if you think about the great powers that initially get
involved, it is the British Empire and the Soviet Union.
France is involved.
It quickly gets overrun by the Nazis.
And what happens is that the US-- it
wasn't like the situation with World War I
where the US was trying to stay neutral.
The US had recognized, especially FDR, Franklin Delano
Roosevelt, he had recognized that Hitler was an aggressor,
that he was, from FDR's point of view, definitely in the wrong
here.
So even from the beginning of World War II,
the US did help support the Allies.
So it would send arms and any other type of assistance.
When Japan and Italy joined on the side of Germany,
the US embargoed oil to Japan.
The US was an exporter of oil to Japan.
And you could imagine Japan did not
produce a lot of its own oil, and oil is super important
when you're trying to run a war machine.
So that didn't make Japan too happy.
So you fast forward to 1941, and you have Japan bombing Pearl
Harbor.
So until this point, US kind of played a non-direct role.
It definitely supported the Allies.
It did what it could economically
and by providing military aid, but it did not actively
participate in the fighting.
But then December 7, 1941, the Japanese
bombed the US Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor.
And that's a whole interesting debate
because, or discussion, it was lucky for the US
that a lot of the Pacific fleet was not there.
But it was obviously this thing that convinced the US public
that World War II was worth joining.
So in 1941, because of Pearl Harbor, the US enters the war.
And it enters the war in both arenas,
both in Europe and in the Pacific.
And then you fast forward.
It goes against the Italians in North Africa.
And then you fast forward to 1944, it actually
enters into the fight in mainland Europe.
This is the invasion of Normandy.
This is D-Day.
June 6, 1944.
If you have ever seen "Saving Private Ryan,"
it starts with this.
I've never stormed a beach, but I
could imagine that's probably the most realistic reenactment
of what it was like to storm the beach at Normandy.
But you fast forward to 1945.
And eventually, especially between the Soviet and the US,
or I should say all the Allied forces,
they're able to, I guess, win the European front of World War
II.
And then you fast forward to the end of that year.
Japan was still kind of fighting pretty ferociously.
And so the US-- and this is once again--
I could make many videos of this.
We can debate the ethical implications of this.
But the US develops the atomic bomb,
ignites one over Hiroshima and then a few days later one
over Nagasaki.
And that essentially ends World War II.
And so the outcome of World War II
is you have two remaining superpowers.
You have the Soviet Union, and you have the United States.
And what happens after that is that you have the Cold War.
These two huge powers, the Soviet Union
is this communist country.
It's obviously trying to create this communist sphere
of influence.
A lot of Eastern Europe was falling under Soviet sway.
The United States, not a communist country,
a very capitalist country, you can imagine.
And this is something that gets confused a lot.
The Soviet Union was communist, and it was totalitarian.
Communism and Democracy aren't necessarily things
that go against each other.
But the Soviet Union had neither a capitalist system,
nor democracy.
It was both communist and totalitarian.
And when I say communist, I'm talking
about no private wealth.
The state really owned all resources.
The United States, on the other hand, was hugely capitalist.
And you could imagine many people in the United States
did not want any of this communism business
to come to us.
So you have this major battle that never really erupts
into direct conflict between the Soviet Union and the United
States.
It's always done through proxies,
through people who the United States or the Soviet Union
is acting on the behalf-- or who are acting on behalf
of the United States or Soviet Union.
But you have the Cold War beginning.
And it's called the Cold War because it wasn't a hot war.
The United States and the Soviet Union
never really fired bullets at each other.
Instead, they supported other parties
that would fire bullets at the Soviet Union.
Or the Soviet Union would support other parties
that would fire bullets at the United States.
And for the United States, it was all
about stopping communism.
It was all about preventing this domino theory
that if one country in a region would fall to communism,
that other countries would.
So the United States became a bit paranoid,
or maybe it was justified.
Either way, it was very concerned
about the spread of communism.
And the first time that this really gets tested-- and 1950
is an interesting year, because this is the first time--
obviously, the US had nuclear weapons as of 1945.
But in 1950, the Soviet Union tested
its first nuclear weapon.
So now the Cold War is starting to get very serious.
Both of these adversaries can now
nuke each other if they wanted to.
And also in 1950, you have Korea.
And Korea, before World War II-- so that's
a very small depiction of Korea--
it was a Japanese colony.
But obviously, Japan had now lost.
And so after World War II, it was
split between an area, North Korea, which
was influenced by the Russians, and South Korea, which
was influenced by the United States.
And it was split along the 38th parallel,
and I know this is a super small diagram.
We'll go into more detail when we
do detailed videos about the Korean War.
But in 1950, you have the North Koreans invaded the South.
So it started the Korean War.
The US sent troops.
The North Koreans had China on their side, the Chinese army.
The Soviets were also supplying them.
But at the end of the day in 1953,
you fast forward, it ends up being
a little bit of a stalemate, because the end result was is
that the original 38th parallel border gets,
I guess, reinstated.
But that was the first real conflict of the Cold War.
And notice there were never US or Russian--
or I shouldn't say Russian-- US or Soviet troops
directly firing at each other.
The US were at war with the North
Korean and the Chinese troops, but they
were kind of proxies for the Soviet Union.
And at the same time, as you can imagine,
because you have these two adversaries, these two
technically sophisticated adversaries--
they both had nuclear weapons-- it
became very interesting on who can kind of dominate space.
So you have this kind of space race developing in 1957.
The Soviets are able to launch the first artificial satellite
around the earth.
This is Sputnik One over here.
Some people think the first Sputnik
is the one that had the dog in it.
No, that came a few months later.
That was Sputnik Two, actually.
Had the picture of the dog here, but the dog eventually dies.
But it was alive for a little bit in orbit.
So that gets everyone freaked out.
The US responds.
Then in 1961 you have Yuri Gagarin.
He's the first person in space, first human being in space.
He returns safely.
We eventually get up there-- or the United States eventually
gets up there as well.
And you fast forward all the way to 1969, the US
is the first to be on the moon.
So you have this space race.
The two countries are really trying to one up each other.
And at the same time that that's happening,
you have-- and I bring this up just because so much
happened during his presidency.
In 1960, you have John F. Kennedy
being elected kind of in the heart of the Cold War.
And the other interesting thing is
he was the first Catholic president,
which people questioned.
That by itself was interesting.
But what was really interesting in his short presidency-- and I
think you might know that only had really--
he actually became president in '61.
This is an error.
He was elected in '60, but he became president in '61.
He had a very short presidency.
He was assassinated in '63, but a lot
happened in that short presidency.
In 1957, right before he became president, you had-- oh, sorry.
Not 1957.
Let me get my years right.
1959 you had the Cuban Revolution.
Cuba became communist.
Fidel Castro takes over.
It becomes communist.
So you could imagine, the Americans
didn't like a communist state so close to our own borders.
So in 1961 we support some ex-Cubans,
or some Cuban exiles, to try to invade Cuba.
And that also can be a whole topic for another video.
There's debates between the CIA and the Kennedy administration
for who was to blame for it being such a failure,
but it was a failure.
So it was a huge embarrassment to the United States.
And from the revolutionaries' point
of view, the communist revolutionaries' point of view,
they kind of viewed this as solidifying their hold of Cuba.
It showed that they could fend off
a counter-revolutionary assault.
And then you have in 1962.
We have these spy planes.
And we see that the Soviets are starting
to put these ballistic missiles in Cuba, which really freaks
the United States out, because these ballistic missiles could
reach any part of the United States.
We actually had similar ones in parts of Europe and Turkey,
but we don't like these things here.
So we essentially used our Navy to, I would say,
blockade any more arms shipments to the Soviet Union.
So Kennedy really has this kind of stand-off with the Soviet
Union during the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962.
And most people believe that this
was the closest that the United States and the Soviet Union
ever got to actually having a war,
and which would have probably turned into a nuclear war.
But the stand-off eventually got resolved.
The Soviet Union agreed to remove their missiles.
Well, one, not send anymore missiles and dismantle the ones
that they had already set up.
And this wasn't publicly stated at the time,
but the United States also agreed
to do the same thing for our missiles
that were pointed at the Soviet Union,
to remove those from Turkey.
So the world, at least at that point in time,
had avoided a mutually assured destruction.
The whole time that this is happening,
remember, the United States is paranoid.
And maybe justifiably so.
Paranoia usually means worried when there's not a cause.
But maybe justifiably worried about the spread of communism.
You have a situation where, in Vietnam, you
have a Vietnam, which is right about-- let
me make sure I circle the right country-- you have
in Vietnam the communists come to power in North Vietnam.
This was formally a French colony.
The US, right from the get-go in 1950,
start sending advisers to aid the anti-communists
in South Vietnam.
In Kennedy's administration, the amount of advisors-- and I
should probably put that in quotes,
because these advisers started becoming much more involved--
really grew.
And until 1965, the United States
started sending it acts actual official combat
troops to fight in Vietnam.
And you fast forward that all the way to 1975.
And the reason why this is significant,
other than this being one of the more recent major wars
the United States has been in, it's
the first war that the United States kind of unambiguously
lost.
In 1975, the last presence of the United States left.
And essentially Saigon, which was
the capital of South Vietnam, fell to the communists.
So I'll leave you there, and we're now essentially
in modern history.
At least from my point of view, because I
was born not too long after that.
Anyway, hopefully you found that interesting.
Let me, oh, I couldn't find the stop button.
There you go.