- What should schools teach kids about sex?
It's a controversial subject,
raising questions about parents' rights
and religious beliefs.
On one side, those pushing for an abstinence only approach,
which advocates no sex ideally until marriage.
On the other side,
those who want more comprehensive programs
they say are better at preventing teen pregnancy.
- We've been debating this issue for decades
and today, thanks to the internet and smartphones,
the amount of information on the subject has exploded.
So as we look to the future of sex education,
what can we learn from the conflicts of the past?
(relaxing acoustic music)
Deep in Southern Georgia in a region
that has long grappled with the issue of teenage pregnancy,
sits the small town of Cairo.
For the past few years, Daphne Melissa McClendon
has been teaching sex education at the high school.
- We're gonna talk about contraception, okay?
Ways to prevent pregnancy.
Question, why do men need that information?
At the beginning it was difficult for me.
I did grapple with, you know,
I don't know that this is what I need to be doing
because I did feel like,
"Hey, I'm a Christian.
"I don't know that I believe in giving
"this kind of information out,"
and I also didn't want them to think
that I was saying, "Hey, it's okay to have sex."
- [Narrator] The question of what public schools
should teach teens about sex
has roiled communities around the country for decades
but the roots of today's sex ed conflicts lie in the 1990s,
when the stakes of the debate were brought into sharp relief
after years of high teen pregnancy rates
and the spread of AIDS.
- An emotional new battle
over sex education in public schools in this country.
- How much should children be told about safe sex
and is this a case of the more you know, the more you do.
- Today, the U.S. Surgeon General, Joycelyn Elders,
called for comprehensive health and sex education
from kindergarten through 12th grade.
- I think I tick a lot of people off
that refuse to deal openly and honestly
about the predicament of our children today.
I feel that if you don't understand
and can't control your reproduction,
you can't control your life.
- [Narrator] While working in Arkansas,
first as a doctor and then as the State Health Director,
Joycelyn Elders came to embrace comprehensive sex education,
age appropriate, fact based instruction
on topics as varied as anatomy,
relationships and contraception.
- I always tell young woman, you know,
don't ever go out on a date with anybody you like
without a condom in your purse.
- [Narrator] But backlash to Elders
and the approach to sex ed
she advocated for mounted quickly.
- With evangelistic fury, she preaches that teenagers
should have a love affair with a condom.
- They call them condoms
because it's a con job and they're dumb
and we feel like that's what we're telling kids.
They're being conned into believing
that they can have safe sex.
They can't.
- [Narrator] A growing number of people
felt instruction on birth control
could prompt teens to have sex.
Instead, they felt young people
should only be taught abstinence,
no sex at all until marriage.
- I think that abstinence has been lacking
in much of the education.
- [Narrator] It was an idea first funded
under the Reagan administration
and supported in the years that followed
by the increasingly influential religious right.
- [Announcer] The new curriculum
says it emphasizes Christian morality and chastity.
- [Announcer] Teenagers are told
there is no safe sex outside of marriage.
They are not taught contraception.
Instead, they are taught slogans like,
"Control your urgin', be a virgin,"
and "Pet your dog, not your date."
- They certainly were not the appropriate programs
for the young people that I was accustomed to dealing with.
- [Instructor] It's kind of like,
you can think of it in terms of Russian Roulette.
What is it, one in six that you're gonna die?
When you use a condom,
it's like you're playing Russian Roulette.
- What if I wanna have sex before I get married?
- Well, I guess you just have to be prepared to die.
- Every mother I know, every father I know,
we all talk and support abstinence,
but also we need to make sure
that we educate our young people
on how to protect themselves.
People will say, "Well, condoms will break!"
but always remember that the vows of abstinence
break far more easily than does latex condoms.
- This week, she went too far even for the President.
She said that children
should be taught in school about masturbation.
- I think that that is something
that's a part of human sexuality
and it is a part of something that perhaps should be taught.
- President Clinton today, fired his outspoken
U.S. Surgeon General, Joycelyn Elders.
Mr. Clinton demanded and got her resignation.
- If I had it all to do over again,
I'd do it exactly the same way.
I did it right the first time.
- [Narrator] The ousting of Elders provided easy fodder
for late night television.
- If masturbation is not taught in the home,
then it must be taught in the schools.
- [Narrator] But it also signaled
a shift in the national mood.
As a Republican majority took control of Congress in 1994
and abstinence only gained political ground.
- The best thing of all is for teens to avoid sex
and I was hoping that it would be possible
to promote that by programs in the high schools.
I thought we oughta try it.
I thought it was a worthy investment.
- [Narrator] When President Clinton
signed the Welfare Reform Act,
it included a provision on abstinence,
which Ron Haskins helped draft.
It provided federal funds for states to teach programs
under a strict definition of abstinence only.
- It's a symbol of this is something
that the federal government supports
and we should support them on the states and it could grow
and that was what the people
who supported this legislature had in mind,
to start a movement, so to speak.
- I told Bill Clinton, of all the things that he'd done,
that was the one thing that I would never forgive him for.
I was very upset about that.
I'm still upset about it.
- What you saw was a lot of local communities that
really wanted this education for the very first time
were able to implement it.
- [Narrator] Mary Ann Mosack ran an Ohio-based,
abstinence only organization
that received an injection of federal funds
as the political climate grew even friendlier.
- Abstinence for young people is the only certain way
to avoid sexually transmitted diseases.
(audience applauding)
- That was a very good time for us
in terms of expanding our message and our programming.
- [Narrator] But over the years,
researchers had been evaluating abstinence only.
One multi-year study, released in 2007,
compared students who had gone through
federally funded abstinence only programs
with their classmates who had not.
- When I first saw the report, I was amazed.
They would show the score for the experimental group
and the score for the control group
and those bar graphs were just exactly the same height.
- [Male] The study found that students
who took part in the programs,
became sexually active at the same age as those who didn't
and had about the same number of sexual partners.
- I would describe myself as discouraged by abstinence only.
Most of the evidence shows
that the more comprehensive programs are more effective.
- There is a lot of evidence
about what kinds of programs work.
The scientific consensus is really there.
- [Narrator] Leslie Kantor, a sexual health researcher,
and long time advocate of sex education,
points to findings that have repeatedly shown
that comprehensive sex ed
has significant effects on delaying teen sex,
reducing sexually transmitted infections
and teen pregnancies
and increasing the use of contraception.
- It turns out that when you give young people information
as well as the skills that they're going to need
to navigate in relationships,
those are the young people
who are actually able to wait longer to have sex.
- [Narrator] Governors began rejecting
some of the federal abstinence money.
- [Male] Congress spent more than $1.5 billion
on abstinence only sex education,
an approach many now call a failure.
- [Narrator] And with the Obama administration
came a large scale effort to fund the programs
with the most scientific evidence behind them.
- [Leslie] It really was the first time,
in this area at least,
when the government was actually starting
to bring science to bear.
- [Narrator] But sex ed is ultimately
a state and local issue
and there are striking differences
in what's taught in schools around the country
and whether certain topics are covered at all.
- [Leslie] What you actually end up seeing is that
we are teaching less about birth control as a country
than we did before all of this
abstinence only money came into play.
If we have increasing evidence
of a body of programs that works,
then why wouldn't we get behind
those evidence based programs?
- [Narrator] The Trump administration
has prioritized abstinence only,
now being referred to as sexual risk avoidance.
And while some of these programs now include
some information on contraception,
they're underlying message remains essentially the same,
teens should avoid sex, hopefully until marriage.
- We're guiding you toward risk elimination,
risk avoidance, to eliminate risk.
So when I'm talking about contraception,
I'm giving you all the information,
but I'm also putting it in the context
that the only 100% safe way to avoid pregnancy
or STD is sexual risk avoidance.
It's interesting because sometimes students don't
ever hear that message that they don't have to have sex.
- The idea that abstinence only is a fabulous idea
it's an ideology.
It's not supported by good data.
I'm concerned that if we have public debates
that are based on ideology,
that we're not gonna make public decisions
based on evidence and experience.
That's what we should try to do.
- [Narrator] Cairo, Georgia is trying to do just that.
A group of women had begun meeting regularly
to discuss the issues they faced locally.
- We had religious people, non-religious people,
very Liberal, very Conservative,
All come together to say, what can we do as women
to make a difference in Grady County.
- [Narrator] One night,
the subject of teen pregnancy came up.
- One of us arrived late.
She goes, "It's been a day."
In a community I was in, just Northwest of here,
there are three 10 year olds pregnant.
What can we do?
As we got to talking, everybody knew a story.
Everybody knew somebody affected.
- [Narrator] Nationally, since the 1990s,
teen pregnancy rates have declined dramatically.
Teens are having less sex today than in the past
and more are using contraception when they do.
But some communities, like Grady County,
are still challenged by the problems of teen pregnancy
and sexually transmitted infections
and the Cairo women viewed comprehensive sex ed
as part of the solution.
- When you put the data on the table
about what's happening to our kids,
political barriers go away.
- [Narrator] Teresa Gee Hardy,
a school board member long involved with the church,
helped get pastors and faith based organizations
on board with the idea.
- There's a scripture that talks about my people perished
because of lack of knowledge.
Teens suffer because of lack of knowledge.
Teen pregnancy rate is high because of lack of knowledge.
- [Narrator] Grady County is now in the fifth year
of it's comprehensive sex ed program
and according to the District Super Intendant,
feedback from teachers and students has been positive.
- Let's look at what we talked about yesterday.
Relationships, healthy and unhealthy relationship test.
I think my role is to give them the information
to make sure that they understand that I'm not judging them
but I want them to be informed,
and I want them to be empowered.
- I think our community can be a model
in the sense that, yes, this is scary.
Yes, we're very conservative, yes, we're very Christian,
but yes, we're looking out for what's best for our kids.
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