(jazz piano)
Voiceover: We're overlooking the Agora,
the most important public space in Athens
in the 5th century BCE.
Voiceover: If up the sacred way, at the top of the Acropolis
were the sacred sites of Athens,
here at the base was the place of public discourse,
the heart of the Athenian experiment in democracy.
Voiceover: In the 5th century we see this opening up
of the ability of the citizenry to participate
in the government.
But Athens was not the kind of democracy
that we think of in the West.
The citizens of Athens didn't vote for their representatives
in the government, but participated directly.
With an election, anyone who's a great speaker,
or someone who's particularly wealthy could become
politically powerful, and so offices were held
by rotation, instead of by election.
Voiceover: There were few positions that were voted on.
Those were positions where particular skills were required.
For instance, Pericles was reelected
to be the general some 15 times.
Voiceover: He was essentially the leader or the president
of Athens during about a 30-year period.
But it's important to remember what we mean
by the ideas of democracy that were started
and formulated here.
Voiceover: Well, they were extremely limited.
In order to be able to take part in public life,
to take part in governmental decision making,
you had to be a citizen, and in order to be a citizen,
you had to be male, and you had to be Athenian.
In fact, Pericles, the great Athenian general,
would tighten up the rules, so both of your parents
had to be Athenian in order for you
to be able to participate.
Voiceover: Right inside the museum,
we can see examples of democracy in action.
There are primitive machines for choosing
who would sit on the juries.
Voiceover: We also see inscriptions in small pieces
of pottery that were used to vote to ostracize
public leaders that were seen to have become corrupt.
Voiceover: And so if one citizen was seen
to be usurping power, the citizens could vote
to ostracize him, and he would
have to actually leave Athens.
So this is a good reminder that there were
a lot of checks in place against any one person
assuming too much political power.
Voiceover: But importantly, it was during the 5th century,
that the philosophy behind democratic rule was set forth,
and probably the most famous expression of that was written
by the historian Thucydides, who chronicled the
Peloponnesian Withar, that is the war between
the Athenians and the Spartans, and Thucydides recounts
in his history a funeral oration Pericles gave
during the early stages of the war with Sparta.
Voiceover: "If we look to our laws, they afford
"equal justice to all in their private differences.
"If to social standing advancement in public life
"falls to reputation for capacity, class considerations
"not being allowed to interfere with merit.
"Nor again does poverty bar the way.
"If a man is able to serve the state,
"he is not hindered by the obscurity of his condition."
Voiceover: So what Pericles by way of Thucydides
is laying out here, is this notion of a meritocracy,
and that no able person's ability is lost
due to having been born without wealth.
Voiceover: And the idea of equality before the law.
These are fundamental principles
to western ideas of democracy.
It's no wonder that we look back to Athens
in the 5th century BCE
and heroize it maybe a bit too much sometimes.
Voiceover: Well, especially considering
how fragile it was, and how limited it was,
and how short-lived it was.
Voiceover: So this is a space that started out as a place
for market, as a place of buying and selling, and gradually
during the archaic and then the classical period,
became a place of government with administrative buildings,
and also some sacred spots as well,
although the primary sacred spot
was of course on the Acropolis.
Voiceover: We also have increasingly substantial structures
built in the 5th century in the Agora,
and one of the most important is called the Stoa.
People would have conducted business here.
Political discussions might have taken place here.
All kinds of civic life.
Once a year, a great procession would make it's way
through the Agora and up to the sacred mount.
Voiceover: This is the main religious festival in Athens,
dedicated to Athena, the goddess who is
the protectoress of the city.
So we can imagine as we look over the Agora,
a procession of Athenians making their way
up to the Parthenon.
Voiceover: I love to look over the Agora,
and to imagine the great philosopher Socrates
walking through here, causing trouble, asking questions.
Voiceover: Asking uncomfortable questions that would
ultimately make him an enemy of the Athenian state.
Voiceover: And lead to his execution.
(jazz music)