The world of physics was excited when the creation of the Large Hadron Collider,
which in this video we'll call the LHC for short, was first announced
аfter decades of anticipation, the most powerful particle accelerator ever built was soon operational.
Built by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), LHC is located in Switzerland,
near the French-Swiss border.
The Large Hadron Collider is a 27-kilometer underground ring that accelerates particles
almost to the speed of light.
Inside the accelerator, two beams of protons collide with each other,
creating a shower of exotic particles, allowing scientists to study them in detail.
In 2012 (LHC) made headlines when it discovered the Higgs boson, which explains why particles have mass.
This discovery was made possible when CERN scientists turned on the beam at maximum energy,
allowing them to observe the particles in more detail than ever before.
Since then (LHC) has made many more groundbreaking discoveries, including a pentaquark,
a pair of tetraquarks, including a never-before-seen type of tetraquark, and the Higgs field.
and the discovery of its existence further strengthens the current understanding of the Standard Model of physics.
The Large Hadron Collider has come a long way since its inception in 2008.
From discovering the mysterious Higgs boson to uncovering the secrets of the Higgs field,
he has revolutionized our knowledge and understanding of the universe.
In this video, we'll take a detailed look at these ground-breaking discoveries,
as well as what CERN's latest research is about unlocking the secrets of the universe after a 4-year hiatus
to refurbish and reprogram this amazing instrument.
CONSCIOUSNESS
Getting to know (LHC) and its main achievements
The Large Hadron Collider is a giant machine that accelerates high-energy protons in opposite directions
around a ring 27 km in circumference.
The energies achieved in particle collisions in the facility are sufficient to produce new particles
that have not been observed in nature before.
New particles are key to understanding how the world works at the most fundamental level,
and the aim of the collider is to probe the Standard Model of particle physics at higher energies,
where new phenomena are expected to be discovered.
Discovering these phenomena allows physicists to build a fuller and deeper understanding of the laws that govern matter.
The instrument's discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012 was a major breakthrough in our understanding
of particle physics and the Standard Model.
The Higgs boson is responsible for giving mass to all other particles.
Its existence has been suspected since the late 1960s, but it took 50 years to confirm its discovery and actual existence.
After the discovery of the Higgs boson - LHC continued to produce high-energy collisions
and thus discovered three new particles whose presence was not predicted by the Standard Model of physics.
These three new particles are the pentaquark, the first ever discovered,
and two different tetraquarks.
The discovery of these particles shows that the Standard Model is incomplete
and that physicists will need to develop new theories to explain them.
An overview of the discovery of the Higgs boson
The Higgs boson is a particle that only exists for a very short time of 10 to 22 seconds before decaying into other particles.
It is a scalar particle, i.e. a particle that has no direction and is massless - i.e. has zero rest mass.
The existence of the Higgs boson is predicted by the Standard Model to give mass to all other particles - electrons, quarks, and neutrinos.
The Standard Model also predicts the rate at which Higgs bosons should be produced in particle collisions.
In 2012 (LHC) produced many Higgs bosons and measured their production rate as predicted by the Standard Model.
These observations were consistent with the model and therefore allowed physicists
to conclude that the Higgs boson had been discovered.
Overview of pentaquark and tetraquark discovery.
The pentaquark was first observed in 2012 and confirmed in 2016.
It is a new type of meson - an unstable particle made up of a quark and an antiquark pair,
the other particle, the baryon, is made up of three quarks - the subatomic particle from which it is made up of
most of the ordinary matter in the universe, including protons and neutrons.
The pentaquark has never been observed in nature before, and its discovery is a major breakthrough.
In addition to the pentaquark, the Large Hadron Collider discovered a new type of tetraquark.
Again, for the first time in history, a tetraquark has been discovered, which has never before been observed in nature.
The existence of the pentaquark and tetraquark was confirmed experimentally
and represented a significant breakthrough in our understanding of the Standard Model of physics,
which did not predict their existence.
Details of the discovery of a never-before-seen type of tetraquark
The newly discovered tetraquark is composed of two quarks, one up and one down,
and is the first case of a tetraquark in history.
It is the longest-lived exotic matter particle ever discovered,
and the first to contain two heavy quarks and two light antiquarks.
Quarks are the basic building blocks from which matter is made.
These combine to form hadrons, such as baryons such as the proton and neutron,
which are made up of three quarks, and mesons, which are made up of quark-antiquark pairs.
The discovery of the tetraquark by the Large Hadron Collider is a major breakthrough
because it shows that the Standard Model of physics is incomplete.
It contains 17 different types of quarks and six leptons - the electron, muon, tau neutrino,
and their respective charged lepton counterparts.
The discovery of the tetraquark shows that there is something beyond the Standard Model.
One possibility is that the tetraquark is a new type of hadron that forms when two quark-antiquark pairs
are very strongly bound together.
Another possibility is that it is a new type of meson that forms when two quark-antiquark pairs
are moderately strongly bound together.
A look at the discovered evidence for the existence of the Higgs field
The Higgs field is an all-pervading field that gives mass to all other particles.
It was predicted by the Standard Model and first looked for by the Large Hadron Collider in 2012.
That year, the instrument observed a signal that could be interpreted as a Higgs field.
However, it is not as strong as the Standard Model predicts.
The model also predicts that the Higgs field has a certain value at every point in space.
However, in 2018, the coiler discovered that the Higgs field has a different value at different points in space.
This new discovery has once again shown scientists that the Standard Model is incomplete.
It is currently unknown how the model can be modified to account for the Higgs field.
Potential implications of the discovery of the Higgs field
The discovery of the Higgs field is undoubtedly a significant breakthrough.
However, it is not the discovery of a new particle, as is the case with the pentaquark and tetraquark.
The discovery of the field shows that the Standard Model is incomplete and that it must be modified
to account for the existence of the Higgs field.
The discovery presents the exciting possibility of a new era in particle physics research,
in which physicists will try to find the right theory to explain the existence of the Higgs field.
This discovery also opens the door to potential future applications.
It can be used to improve the accuracy of other scientific fields such as medicine and navigation.
The Higgs field can also be used as a source of clean energy.
While these potential applications are exciting, they are currently purely speculative.
Scientists seem to be faced in the coming years with the daunting task
of rethinking the Standard Model of physics and creating new laws interacting with
and incorporating all these new, revolutionary discoveries.
Possible future applications of the Large Hadron Collider
Today, the Large Hadron Collider resumed operation after an upgrade
and was upgraded to a record energy of 13.6 trillion electron volts.
Scientists have worked for more than three years to update the collider's software and hardware components,
which will allow the world's most powerful particle accelerator to continue operating for about 4 years,
providing unprecedented potential for new discoveries.
The Large Hadron Collider, the instrument and the Ng injectors,
have been commissioned to work with new beams of increased intensity and energy.
Thanks to this, scientists will be able to more effectively investigate the nature of the Higgs boson
"with unprecedented precision through new channels".
In addition, scientists will have the opportunity to investigate other processes that have been inaccessible until now,
as well as improve the accuracy of their measurements to address pressing problems such as the nature of the
"asymmetry" of the presence of matter-antimatter in the universe.
In addition, the properties of matter at extreme temperatures and densities will be investigated and dark matter "candidates"
will be observed - both by direct search and by precise measurements of the properties of already known particles.
CERN informs further research on Higgs bosons and in particular the possibility of their decay into dark matter particles.
As part of the program to study heavy ion collisions, a study of quark-gluon plasma is planned,
a substance that is supposed to have existed 10 seconds after the Big Bang, as a result of which,
according to the modern scientific model, the universe was formed.
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