- [Voiceover] So we have f of x being equal
to the absolute value of x plus two.
And we wanna evaluate the definite integral
from negative four to zero of f of x, dx.
And like always, pause this video
and see if you can work through this.
Now when you first do this you might
stumble around a little bit, because
how do you take the anti-derivative
of an absolute value function?
And the key here is to, one way to approach it
is to rewrite f of x without the absolute value
and we can do that by rewriting it
as a piecewise function.
And the way I'm gonna do it, I'm gonna think
about intervals where whatever we take
inside the absolute value's going to be positive
and other intervals where everything
that we take inside the absolute value
is going to be negative.
And the point at which we change
is where x plus two is equal to zero
or x is equal to negative two.
So let's just think about the intervals
x is less than negative two and x is greater than
or equal to negative two.
And this could have been less than
or equal, in which case this would have been greater than,
either way it would have been equal to this
absolute vale, this is a continuous function here.
And so when, let's do the easier case.
When x is greater than or equal to negative two
then x plus two is going to be positive,
or it's going to be greater than
or equal to zero, and so the absolute value of it
is just going to be x plus two.
So it's going to be x plus two
when x is greater than or equal to negative two.
And what about when x is less than negative two?
Well when x is less than negative two,
x plus two is going to be negative,
and then if you take the absolute value
of a negative number you're gonna take
the opposite of it.
So this is going to be negative x plus two.
And to really help grok this, 'cause frankly
this is the hardest part of what we're doing,
and really this is more algebra than calculus.
Let me draw the absolute value function
to make this clear.
So that is my x-axis, that is my y-axis
and let's say we're here at negative two.
And so when we are less than the negative two,
when x is less than negative two my graph
is going to look like this.
It is going to look something,
it's gonna look like that.
And when we are greater than negative two,
do that in a different color, when we are greater
than negative two it's going to look like this.
It's going to look like that.
And so notice this is in blue we have,
this is the graph x plus two, we can say
this is a graph of y equals x plus two.
And what we have in magenta right over here,
this is the graph of negative x minus two.
It has a negative slope and we intercept
the y-axis at negative two.
So it makes sense.
There's multiple ways that you could reason through this.
Now once we break it up then we can
break up the integral.
We could say that what we wrote here,
this is equal to the integral
from negative four to two, sorry negative four
to negative two of f of x, which is in that case
it's going to be negative x minus two,
I just distributed the negative sign there.
Dx, and then plus the definite integral
going from negative two to zero
of x plus two, dx.
And just to make sure we know
what we're doin' here, if this is negative four
right over here, this is zero, that first integral
is gonna give us this area right over here.
What's the area under the curve negative x minus two,
under that curve or under that line and above the x-axis.
And the second integral is gonna give us this area
right over here between x plus two
and the x-axis going from negative two to zero.
And so let's evaluate each of these
and you might even be able to just evaluate these
with a little bit of triangle areas,
but let's just do this analytically or algebraically.
And so what's the anti-derivative of negative x?
Well that's negative x-squared over two,
and then we have the negative two,
so this is gonna be the anti-derivative
is negative two x, we're gonna evaluate that
at negative two and negative four.
And so that part is going to be what?
Negative two squared, so it's the negative
of negative two squared.
So it's negative four over two minus two times negative two.
So plus four.
So that's it evaluated at negative two.
And then minus, if we evaluate it at negative four.
So we're gonna have minus negative four squared
is 16 over two, minus two times negative four.
So that is plus eight.
So what is that going to give us?
So this is negative two, this right over here
is negative eight, so the second term right over here
is just going to be equal to zero.
Did I do that right?
Yeah, the 16 over two, it's negative and this is positive.
Okay, so this is just going to be zero.
And this is negative two plus four
which is going to be equal to two.
So what we have here in magenta is equal to two.
And what we have here in the blue,
well let's see, this is the anti-derivative
of x-squared over two, plus two x,
gonna evaluate it at zero and negative two.
You evaluate this thing at zero,
it's just gonna be zero and from that
you're going to subtract negative two squared over two.
That is positive four over two
which is positive two.
And then plus two times negative two.
So minus four.
And so this is going to be the negative
of negative two, or positive two.
So it's two plus two.
And that makes sense that what we have
in magenta here is two and what we have over here
is two, there's the symmetry here.
There is a symmetry here.
And so you add 'em all together
and you get our integral is going to be equal to four.
And once again, just as a reality check
you could say, look, the height here is two,
the width, the base here is two.
Two times two times one-half is indeed equal to two.
Same thing over here.
So that's the more geometric argument
for why that area's two, that area is two,
add 'em together you get positive four.