(soft piano music)
- [Male Narrator] We're in the Photo Study Room
in The Art Institute of Chicago
looking at this gorgeous print by Gordon Parks
that was made in 1948.
It shows a figure standing in an alley in Harlem.
- [Female Narrator] This was made as part of a collaboration
between Ralph Ellison and Gordon Parks.
It was a project that Ellison conceived
of just a year prior.
And it was his way of reacting to
what he saw happening in the popular press.
This was a time period when magazines
like Life were extraordinarily popular,
and the photo essay was seen as a great way of disseminating
news stories and other topics of interest.
Artists such as Ralph Ellison, who was an author,
Gordon Parks, a photographer, understood
how those two elements, photograph and text,
could be used together to convey ideas
that were important to them.
In this case, ideas about racial inequalities
in the US at the time and then what they hoped to do was
offer corrective representations of African American life,
but also point readers' attention to the flaws,
and the manipulations present in mass media
representations of African American life.
- [Male Narrator] By 1948, Gordon Parks
was a well-established photographer.
He had been doing fashion photography
for magazines like Vogue and he would become
a staff photographer for Life magazine.
- [Female narrator] We could even go further back than that.
The work that he did for the Farm Security Administration,
and the Office of War Information,
had gotten him a great reputation as a photographer
who is able to capture the humanity of his subjects,
and that was something that Ralph Ellison
became immediately aware of.
- [Male Narrator] Ralph Ellison was, at this time,
at work on what would become
his most famous novel, "Invisible Man".
- [Female Narrator] What a lot of people don't know
is that Ellison was himself working as a photographer
to supplement his income.
In his spare time, he was walking around Harlem
taking photographs that were used as studies
for passages in his texts.
- [Male Narrator] And it's important to remember that Harlem
in the years before the Second World War,
had been the center of black American culture.
This was where the Harlem Renaissance was centered.
- [Female Narrator] In 1935 and in 1943,
two riots take place in Harlem.
In the mass media, Harlem becomes a symbol
of economic hardship, of racial inequality,
of all these stereotypes that
were given to African Americans.
- [Male Narrator] One of the narratives that develops
in the post-war era in major cities like New York,
is urban decay, and it is just within this period
that we begin to see it, white flight,
and the growth of the suburbs.
So, you have the abandonment by white America of the cities,
and this portrayal of the city as this wasteland.
- [Female Narrator] And Ellison was approached to write an
essay for a magazine called "the Magazine of the Year,"
and they'd asked him to write about Harlem,
and he pitched a story centered on the Lafargue Clinic.
This was the first non-segregated, psychiatric clinic
in New York, and would have a profound impact
on the history of segregation.
- [Female Narrator] Really anybody could come there,
and it ended up being an important social space
within Harlem, and Ellison saw this as a perfect metaphor
for everything that was going on in Harlem at the time.
The argument that he sought to make in his essay
was that the psychological effects of living
in a segregated place, of racism, gave the residents
of places like Harlem no choice but to be so troubled,
and to need this kind of help.
- [Male Narrator] But the photographs were not produced
as illustrations for the text,
but in fact were made earlier.
- [Female Narrator] And Ellison wrote a manifesto
for Gordon Parks prior to them beginning work
on the project that explained to him the goals
he hoped to accomplish with those images.
And one of the key phrases in that manifesto
is instructing Parks to make images
that serve as both document and symbol.
The idea the photographs were not simply meant
to depict Harlem or even illustrate passages in the essay,
he wanted the photographs to do something
that the text could not.
They go out together, photograph side-by-side
over several weeks in the winter.
Once they are done, Ellison writes the essay
as a response to Parks' photographs.
And then he writes captions
to accompany the dozen or so photographs
that were meant to illustrate the essay.
The essay was titled "Harlem is Nowhere,"
but what comes across is this idea
that Harlem is in fact everywhere.
The problems that are present in Harlem
represent larger systemic issues across America.
- [Male Narrator] That are socioeconomic,
but that are also psychological.
- They submit the essay to the Magazine of the Year,
however, just weeks before publication,
Ellison gets a note that the magazine
has to declare bankruptcy, and all of the materials
have now become part of the legal proceedings,
and they cannot be returned.
So, the story goes unpublished,
and the essay, "Harlem is Nowhere," doesn't get
published until 1964 without Gordon Parks' photographs.
One of the things that we were able to uncover,
through research for this project,
is not just the photographs that we believe belong
to the essay, but also the captions that Ellison wrote,
which are just as important as the text of the essay.
- [Male Narrator] So let's take a moment to read the caption
that was associated with this print.
"Who am I?
Where am I?
How do I come to be?
Behind the endless walls of his ghetto
man searches for social identity.
Refugees from southern feudalism,
many Negroes wander dazed in the mazes of northern ghettos,
the displaced persons of American democracy."
- [Female Narrator] So, this image is the one
that introduces Harlem to readers.
The image that immediately follows this
describes Harlem as a physical ruin
that for many, represents a psychological maze.
- [Male Narrator] And the photograph that that's associated
with, this third image, shows the rooftops
of brownstones in Harlem with the divisions
at the rooftop especially apparent,
so that the city looks like a maze.
- [Female Narrator] It serves to use Ellison's own words
as both a document and a symbol.
- [Male Narrator] This is photographed from above,
but the previous image is so much more intimate,
and is taken from a lower vantage point
where we're looking up at this tall figure
encased in an environment that is overwhelming.
- [Female Narrator] This idea that Harlem is everywhere,
that Harlem residents represent everyone,
and it also foreshadows "Invisible Man."
The opening sentences to the novel read,
"I am invisible, understand,
simply because people refuse to see me.
Like the bodiless heads you see sometimes
in circus sideshows, it is as though I have been
surrounded by mirrors of hard, distorting glass.
When they approach me they see only my surroundings,
themselves, or figments of their imagination,
indeed, everything and anything except me."
You see the silhouette, you only see his surroundings.
You're unable to make any assessments of who he is.
- [Male Narrator] But Ellison also implicates his reader.
Is his invisibility our responsibility?
Is it because we refuse to see him?
And when I look at this photograph, I ask the same question.
Is this man invisible because I don't know him?
- [Female Narrator] He tries to make real
for readers the psychological effects
of segregation and racism and make them as relatable,
and understandable as possible.
He's making you understand that this is not something
that is separate from our experiences of America.
This is America.
(soft piano music)