How do celestial objects form in the cosmos? In standard astronomy at all cosmological scales, from the
condensation of dirty snowball comets in a primordial nebular cloud, to the slow gradual accretion of planets forming in
a disk about a star, to the gravitational collapse and compression of clumps of gas and dust in molecular clouds,
leading to the formation of stars. For generations, astronomers have believed that gravitational processes, and only
gravitational processes, govern the formation of the objects we see throughout the cosmos. I've now spent
well over a decade composing video presentations which juxtapose the theoretical predictions and explanations
of standard astronomy versus those of plasma cosmology in the Electric Universe. In our Electric Universe, it is
not gravitational collapse, collisions, and accretion, that create planets, stars nor any celestial objects, but rather it
is the experimentally verified plasma phenomena of Birkeland currents and the electromagnetic Bennett pinch, or the
Z-pinch. Today, I'd like to revive the approach I used on Space News and focus on a few recent science headlines that
should again provide wonderful opportunities for such a juxtaposition. Firstly, scientists studying data from
the European Southern Observatory's ALMA Telescope have discovered evidence of shockingly early planet formation in the
disk about a so-called protostar. A Ph.D. candidate at Yale University named Dr. Cheng-Han Hsieh, made the discovery in an
effort to determine at how early a stage planet formation begins about a star. Describing his research he stated, “ALMA's
early observations of young protoplanetary disks have revealed many beautiful rings and gaps, possible
formation sites of planets...I wondered when these rings and gaps started to appear in the disks.” What Dr. Hsieh found
has stunned the astronomical community. As described in a piece on Universe Today, the ALMA images quote, “...show Class 0
and Class 1 disks... The Classes refer to the age of the stars that host the disks. In fact, at these young ages,
they're not even called stars; they're called young stellar objects or YSOs. A Class 2 YSO is a protostar with a
visible photosphere. But the new images show YSOs and disks that are Class 0 and Class 1. At these young ages, the
YSOs are still in the collapsing and formation stages.” “A YSO is only a Class 0 object for about 10,000 years and a
Class 1 object for a few hundred thousand years. So, finding rings and gaps in the disks around these extremely young
stellar objects is a surprising development, to say the least. If planets are forming this early in a solar
system's life, it challenges our entire understanding of how planets form...” Dr. Hsieh acknowledges that the quote ‘rings
and gaps’ observed in these disks may not actually represent planets, but in standard theory might be caused by
instabilities such as gravitational perturbations. Regardless, two points in this piece stand out to me with stunning
clarity. Number one, while astronomers only entertain two possible theories of planet formation, core accretion and
gravitational instability in a protoplanetary disk - both of which require a vast expanse of time after a star's
formation for a planet to form - the Electric Universe has always predicted that both planet and star formation
happen in a cosmic eyeblink. Countless times, we've discussed the filamentary networks along which stars have been
imaged forming in molecular clouds. As stated many times previously, the remarkably constant width of the
filaments, a gravitational impossibility, is the hallmark of electric currents. In the Electric Universe theory of planet
and star formation, some planets will form along the same Birkeland current filaments as their parent stars, with
other rocky planets likely being ejected from the cores of gas giants. It must also be noted that the Electric Universe
offers an alternative diagram to the standard Hertzsprung-Russell diagram
which explains the observable stellar phenomena in terms of electric current density.
And, critically, in the EU diagram, it is not possible to tell the age of a star. Supernovas are not the result of stars
running out of nuclear fuel and gravitationally collapsing. But rather, they are catastrophic electrical
discharges along the electrical circuitry connecting the star to the larger galaxy. Wal Thornhill’s peer-reviewed
scientific paper on this subject entitled ‘The Z-Pinch Morphology of Supernova 1987A and Electric Stars’ was
published in IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science in 2007. Evidence for so-called early planet formation has been
accumulating for some time. For years, astronomers have been puzzled by the lack of dust in the so-called ‘mature
disks’ of stars in the Milky Way galaxy. As we reported in 2018, astronomers using ALMA attempted to determine how much
material is present in the disks about stars that are thought to be only 1 to 3 million years old. When they compared
their estimates to the masses of star systems that have fully formed planets, they realized that the so-called ‘young
star systems’ did not have enough matter in their disks to eventually form planets. According to a 2020 paper
published in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics, the answer to the puzzle is
that planet formation happens much more rapidly than astronomers have ever
considered. The lead author of the paper stated, “...we need to look earlier instead of looking for missing mass.”
In fact, the team concluded that planet formation has already begun around stars that are thought to be only 100,000
years old. The co-author of the paper stated, “The implication of this discovery is profound. For decades, we've thought
that planet formation should happen during the protoplanetary disk phase... (But) by pushing the beginning stage of Planet
formation back we have to rethink what the birthplace of planets actually looked
like!” Recent scientific discoveries have offered a similar basis to rethink the time scale of star formation. Consider the
Herschell telescope image on your screen of a stellar nursery in the aptly named Snake Nebula where a number of stars are
forming along the filament and the stars themselves break up along a cylinder. This is in stark contrast to
gravitational theory which predicts that a center of mass exists, toward which all
of the surrounding material in a nebular cloud tends to move and congregate, to eventually form a star.
In 2014, scientists studying the Snake Nebula discovered several quote ’surprising things’ about star-forming
regions called cosmic seeds. As reported in the Harvard Smithsonian Center of Astrophysics press
release, “The seeds generally weigh between 5 and 25 times the mass of the Sun... Previous theories proposed that
high-mass stars form within the very massive isolated ‘cores’ weighing at least 100 times the mass of the Sun. These new
results show that that is not the case. The data also demonstrate that massive
stars aren't born alone but in groups....” ”The team also was surprised to find that
these two nebular patches had fragmented into individual star seeds so early in
the star formation process. They detected bipolar outflows and other signs of active, ongoing star
formation.” Everything I've just described only supports the electrical theory of star formation. The electromagnetic
Z-pinch, overwhelmingly more powerful than gravity, works far more efficiently and rapidly than gravity at pulling in
material to form a star or planet. Moreover, the grouping and doubling of stars is a predictable effect in the
electrical theory of star formation. Plasma cosmology predicted that stars would form along filaments like beads on
a string. And the surprising number of binary stars observed in the Milky Way galaxy becomes predictable when we
consider the experimentally verified doubling effect characteristic of electrical discharge. For extensive
background on this, I recommend viewers visit Wal Thornhill's classic Space News “Seeing Double.” In the filamentary
networks where stars form, the Electric Universe proposes that so-called ‘hot Jupiters’ can easily form along these
same lightning channels. Countless puzzling exoplanetary systems, including exoplanets with retrograde orbits, which
are orbits in the opposite direction of the spin of their parent stars, may also affirm another aspect of the
Electric Universe theory as proposed by Thornhill. That is that the gravitational force is modified by the electrical
nature of any body, so that if a body is charged more or less than those around it, there will be charge exchange and in
the process gravity will modify the orbits of those bodies. The result is that planetary capture is far more
likely in the Electric Universe than in standard cosmology. Along these lines, consider the
following extraordinary revelation into the formation of so-called ‘brown dwarf’ stars. Recently a team of astronomers
using the James Webb Space Telescope has undertaken the task of identifying the smallest of all observable stars. They
focus their attention on the Perseus star-forming region about 1,000 light years away. At the center of the star cluster
IC 348, the team identified three so-called ’sub brown dwarfs’ the smallest of which has an estimated mass equivalent to
three or four Jupiters. It is that star that is said to be so unusual, it defies all conventional explanation. A Science
Alert report describes the conundrum as follows, “This is a real puzzle. For star formation, a cloud has a lot of mass, and
therefore a lot of gravity. Producing something the size of a planet would start with a smaller cloud, and therefore
less gravity, which means the formation process is a lot more arduous, the researchers say.”
”It's possible that the objects are exoplanets that got booted out of their planetary systems, but this is also
unlikely. As far as planets go, they're quite large, but most of the stars in IC 348 are very small. The formation of
large planets around small stars is also difficult to explain. Moreover, the cluster is very young. There hasn't been
enough time for planets to form and get ejected so far from their systems...” The discovery of so-called ‘brown dwarfs’,
whose very existence is gravitationally impossible, is not surprising from the Electric Universe perspective. In his
2008 article “NASA's Dim View of Stars” Wal explained brown dwarfs in light of the electrical theory of star
formation. He wrote, “In an Electric Universe there is no such thing as a ’failed’ star. They have no thermonuclear
’engine’ to fail. All bodies in the galaxy receive external electrical energy from the galactic circuit... All stars are an
electrical phenomenon. There are no ’misfits’ in an Electric Universe.” “All of the assumptions being heaped upon the
meager photons received from deep space merely serve, as usual, to force fit the data to the standard model of stars. The very
name, brown ‘dwarf,’ assumes that these stars are quote ‘compact balls of gas floating freely in space.”’ “In stark
comparison, the electric model describes them as ‘huge’ because the light from a star is a plasma discharge phenomenon
with only a loose relationship to the physical size of the star and a strong dependence on the electrical environment.
Brown dwarfs do not simply cool down over time and wink out. They are externally powered electric lights.” In
December of 1999 Wal also wrote of so-called Brown dwarfs, “The apparent size and color of an electric star is an
electrical phenomenon. If Jupiter's magnetosphere were lit up it would appear the size of the full Moon... The
light of a red star is due to the distended anode glow of an electrically low-stressed star... Red Giants are a more
visible and scaled-up example of what an L-type Brown Dwarf star might look like close-up. My prediction for 2024, and
indeed for the rest of the decade and the foreseeable future beyond, is that the number of quote ‘impossible’ planets
and stars will continue to grow in direct proportion to our technological ability to detect them. And, as
always, the so-called ‘impossible’ objects will be deemed as such because their very existence cannot be explained
gravitationally. Meanwhile, a new and rational pathway offered by
plasma cosmology and the Electric Universe continues to await astronomer's consideration.
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