- [Voiceover] Okay, now we're going to work on our
first Op-amp circuit.
Here's what the circuit's going to look like.
Watch where it puts the plus sign is on the top on this one.
And we're going to have a voltage source over here.
This will be plus or minus V in,
that's our input signal.
And over on the output,
we'll have V out,
and it's hooked up this way.
The resistor,
another resistor,
to ground,
and this goes back to the inverting input.
Now we're going to look at this circuit
and see what it does.
Now we know that connected up here
the power supply's hooked up
to these points here,
and the ground symbol is zero volts.
And we want to analyze this circuit.
And what do we know about this?
We know that V out equals some gain,
I'll write the gain right there.
A big, big number times V minus,
sorry V plus minus V minus,
and let's label that.
V plus is this point right here,
and V minus is this point right here.
And we also know that the currents,
let's call them i plus and i minus,
equals zero, and that's the currents going in here.
This is i minus here, and that's i plus,
and we know those are both zero.
So now what I want to do it describe
what's going on inside this triangle symbol in more detail
by building a circuit model.
Alright, and a circuit model for an amplifier
looks like this.
We have V minus here, V plus here,
so this is V in,
and over on this side we have an,
here's a new symbol that you haven't seen before.
It's usually drawn as a diamond shape,
and this is a voltage source,
but it's a special kind of voltage source.
It's called a voltage-dependent
voltage source.
And it's the same as a regular ideal voltage source
except for one thing,
it says that the V, in this case V out,
equals gain times V plus minus V minus.
So the voltage here depends on the voltage somewhere else,
and that's what makes it a voltage-dependent,
that's what that means.
So, we've just taken our gain expression here,
added, drawn circuit diagram that represents
our voltage expression for our circuit.
Now, specifically over here
we've drawn an open circuit on V plus,
and V minus so we know that those currents are zero.
So this model, this circuit sketch
represents our two properties of our Op-amp.
So I'm going to take a second here
and I'm going to draw the rest of our circuit
surrounding this model,
but I need a little bit more space.
So let's put in the rest of our circuit here.
We had our voltage source,
connected to V plus,
and that's V in,
and over here we had V out.
Let's check, V out was connected to two resistors,
and the bottom is connected to ground,
and this was connected there.
So what our goal is right now,
we want to find V out as a function of V in.
That's what we're shooting for.
So let's see if we can do that.
Let's give our resistors some names.
Let's call this R1, and R2,
our favorite names always,
and now everything is labeled.
Now and we can label this point here,
and this point we can call V minus,
V minus.
So that's our two unknowns.
Our unknowns are V not, V out,
and V minus, so let's see if we can find them.
So what I'm going to do is just start
writing some expressions for things that I know are true.
For example, I know that V out
equals A times V plus minus V minus.
Alright, that's what this Op-amp is telling us is true.
Now what else do I know?
Let's look at this resistor chain here.
This resistor chain actually looks
a lot like a voltage divider,
and it's actually a very good voltage divider.
Remember we said this current here,
what is this current here?
It's zero.
I can use the voltage divider expression that I know.
In that case, I know that V minus,
this is the voltage divider equation,
equals V out
times what?
Times the bottom resistor
remember this?
R2 over R1 plus R2,
so the voltage divider expression says that
when you have a stack of resistors like this,
with the voltage on the top and ground on the bottom,
this is the expression for the voltage at the midpoint.
Kay, so what I'm going to do next
is I'm going to take this expression
and stuff it right in there.
Let's do that.
See if we got enough room,
okay now let's go over here.
Now I can say that V out
equals A times V plus minus V out
times R2 over R1 plus R2,
alright so far so good.
Let's keep going, let's keep working on this.
V not equals A times V plus minus A V not,
R2 over R1 plus R2.
Alright, so now I'm going to gather all the V not
terms over on the left hand side.
Let's try that.
So that gives me,
V not plus A V not,
times R2 over R1 plus R2 and that equals
A times V plus,
and actually I can change that now
V plus is what?
V plus is V in.
Okay let's keep going I can factor out the V not.
V not is one
plus A R2 over R1 plus R2
and that equals AV in.
Alright so we're getting close,
and our original goal,
we want to find V out in terms of V in.
So I'm going to take this whole expression here
and divide it over to the other side,
so then I have just V not on this side,
and V in on the other side.
Make some more room.
I can do that, I can say
V not equals A V in
divided by this big old expression,
one plus A R2 over R1 plus R2.
Alright so that's our answer.
That's the answer.
That's V out equals some function of V in.
Now I want to make a really important observation here.
This is going to be a real cool simplification.
Okay, so this is the point where Op-amp
theory gets really cool.
Watch what happens here.
We know that A is a giant number.
A is something like 10 to the fifth,
or 10 to the sixth,
and it's whatever we have here,
if our resistors are sort of normal-sized resistors
we know that a giant number times a normal number
is still going to be a very big number compared to one.
So this one is almost insignificant in this expression
down here, so what I'm going to do,
bear with me,
I'm going to cross it out.
I'm going to say no, I don't need that anymore.
So if this, if this number here, if A is a million,
10 to the sixth,
and this expression here is something like one half
then this total thing is one half 10 to the sixth
or a half a million,
and that's huge compared to one.
So I can pretty safely ignore the one,
it's very, very small.
Now when I do that,
well look what happens next,
now I have A top and bottom in the expression,
and I can cancel that too.
So the A goes away,
now this is pretty astonishing.
We have this amplifier circuit
and all of a sudden I have an expression here
where A doesn't appear,
the gain does not appear,
and what does this turn into?
This is called V not
equals V in, times what?
Times R1 plus R2,
divided by R2.
So our amplifier, our feedback circuit came down to
V out is V in multiplied by the ratio of the resistors
that we added to the circuit.
This is one of the really cool properties of using Op-amps
in circuits, really high-gain amplifiers.
What we've done is
we have chosen the gain of our circuit
based on the components that we picked
to add to the amplifier.
It's not determined by the gain of the amplifier
as long as the amplifier gain is really, really big.
And for Op-amps, that's a good assumption,
it is really big.
So this expression came out with a positive sign, right?
All the R's are positive values,
so this is referred to as a non-inverting
Op-amp circuit amplifier.
So just to do a quick example,
if R1 and R2 are the same,
then we end up with an expression that looks like this
V out equals R1 plus R2, R plus R over R is equal to two
so the gain is two times V in.
So just to do a quick sketch
just to remind ourselves what this looks like,
this was V in,
and we had what out here?
We had a resistor,
we had a resistor to the ground,
and this is V out.
So this is the configuration of a non-inverting amplifier
built with an Op-amp,
the two resistors in this voltage divider string
connected to the negative input.
So that's what non-inverting Op-amp circuit looks like,
and it's going to be one of the familiar
patterns that you see over and over again
as you read schematics and you design your own circuits.