(piano playing)
Voiceover: Since the Renaissance I think of Michelangelo's David,
the body had been sacrosanct, the human body had been accorded the most attention,
the most respect in the history of art.
Voiceover: That's right, the body was a primary vehicle for artists to convey ideas and emotions.
Voiceover: But at the very beginning of the 20th Century, in the last years of Paul Cezanne's life,
he begins to deconstruct the body.
Voiceover: We're looking at Paul Cezanne's The Large Bathers in the Philadelphia Museum of Art.
The subject of bathers is one that has a long history,
think of paintings of Diana and Actaeon, by artists like Titian and Rubens, for example,
artists like Degas were grappling with how to paint the nude in a modern environment.
I think Cezanne is also picking up that challenge of how do you paint the modern nude.
Voiceover: When we think about Cezanne we think about an artist who began as an impressionist,
who's emphasis might have been on the modern world.
Voiceover: Even though he's worked on this series of bathers for years
the figures are remarkably unfinished,
where we see sized canvas underneath in so many places,
where faces and forms of the body are barely sketched in or barely begun.
The figures are being manipulated and moved
and shifted in order to fit in to some overall composition that he has in mind.
Voiceover: Cezanne seems to be reaching for a kind of classicism,
you had mentioned Titian and this painting seems to be reaching back to those grand traditions.
Voiceover: Right and if you look at the Titian of Diana and Actaeon,
that Cezanne probably just saw a print of,
it does seem as though Cezanne is thinking back to that Titian,
to architectural forms, to the pyramid of the Renaissance,
to the way that Titian opened up the central space of that composition
to bring our eye into a deeper session of the landscape.
Voiceover: Titian, the great, late Renaissance Venetian is known for his glazing,
for his ability to create chiaroscuro, to create the turn of the body,
flesh that has a kind of translucency and Cezanne's figures seem as if they're made out of plaster,
they almost seem as their fresco, they are so flat and so unfinished.
Voiceover: If we think about Titian we think about the sensuality of the body,
especially the female body and here we have female figures who are anything but sensual.
They're architectonic, they seem frozen in their poses, their bodies are elongated,
in some cases malformed, in some cases we seem to see multiple sides of the body at once,
this is anything but a luscious, sensual Venetian image.
Voiceover: Cezanne is also refusing the mythic context.
In the foreground we might be in a classicized Arcadian landscape,
but on the far shore we can see the back of a horse and a man walking away from us,
towards a church, and we realize that this is modern France.
So, there's this very peculiar pictorial construction that's offering us in the foreground,
at this grand scale, this classicizing Renaissance subject matter,
and then in the distance, something that might be an excellent [Provance].
Voiceover: And all painted where huge areas of the canvas are unfinished,
outlines of forms are unstable and repeated and seem to move and shift.
Cezanne seems to be modeling the forums of the bodies with warm and cool colors
instead of using traditional [unintelligible].
He's building on impressionism, doing something classical,
and in a way setting the stage for the abstraction that will emerge in the 20th Century.
Voiceover: That's the real achievement of this painting, taking classical forms
and making them subservient to the abstraction of the canvas.
Cezanne is not copying the Titian, he maybe inspired by it, he maybe referencing it
he's not looking at nudes in his study and being faithful to the shapes of their bodies.
Voiceover: This is not based on optical experience, this is not based on a scene.
Voiceover: That's right, this is opening form that allows for abstraction.
You can see why this kind of painting, which was shown the year after Cezanne's death,
in the retrospective in Paris, would have been so important to Matisse and to Picasso.
Voiceover: It was shown in 1907, the very year that Picasso completes Les Demoiselles d'Avignon,
the first painting that begins to deconstruct space and open up forum in the early 20th Century.
Voiceover: It is the foundation of how and which cubism is built
and so the possibility for paintings to be about the act of painting in a very formal sense
as opposed to the representation of nature that had been so much a characteristic of the 19th Century.
(piano playing)