ATTENTION HERE, BECAUSE THEY
ARE VERY CONCERNED ABOUT BEING
FORGOTTEN.
NOW, BACK TO YOU.
>> THANKS, RON.
>>> NEXT, MY FAVORITE KIND OF
STORY IN LIFE IS THE KIND THAT
REMINDS US THAT WE ARE NOWHERE
NEAR AS CLOSE TO AS SMART AS WE
THINK WE ARE.
AND, OH, BOY, DOES THIS NEXT
ONE DO EXACTLY THAT.
YOU KNOW THAT GOLDEN TELESCOPE
WE, HUMANS BUILD, TAKING MIND
BLOWING PICTURES OF SPACE RIGHT
NOW?
IT TURNS OUT, IT IS SO POWERFUL
IT MIGHT HAVE JUST SHATTERED
OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE
UNIVERSE.
WE HAVE ALL HEARD ABOUT HOW THE
NEW JAMES WEBB TELESCOPE, IS
KIND OF LIKE A TIME MACHINE
BECAUSE IT CAN LOOK BACK INTO
THE EARLY FORMATION OF THE
UNIVERSE.
IT HAS BEEN DOING JUST THAT.
IT HAS TAKEN PICTURES OF SIX
GALAXIES, IT HAS SOME OF THE
OLDEST SCENES.
BUT IT IS CRAZY AND THERE IS A
LOT GOING ON IN THESE IMAGES.
BEAR WITH US.
FOR ONE, WHEN YOU ARE LOOKING
AT THESE THINGS, THEY ARE
SUPPOSED TO BE FROM THE
BEGINNING OF TIME AS WE KNOW
IT, AND THEY ARE NOT SUPPOSED
TO BE ALL THAT WELL-FORMED.
WELL, GUESS WHAT?
THESE ARE LOOKING A LOT BIGGER
AND A LOT MORE DEVELOPED THAN
WE THOUGHT.
WHY DOES THAT MATTER?
WELL, FOR ONE THING, IT COULD
PRETTY MUCH REWRITE A WHOLE
BUNCH OF ASTROPHYSICS
TEXTBOOKS, OF COURSE WE CALL
THAT THE LEGENDARY THEORETICAL
PHYSICIST, HE ALWAYS HAS ME
DREAMING OF THE COSMOS AND ALSO
HAS A BUNCH OF BOOKS THAT MIGHT
NEED TO BE TWEAKED NOW BECAUSE
IT TURNS OUT THE UNIVERSE IS
OLDER THAN WE THINK.
HEY, PROFESSOR.
I AM THINKING OF SOME OF MY
FAVORITE EQUATIONS, FOR THE
FUTURE, THE FUTURE OF HUMANITY.
MOST OF THEM SAY THAT THE
UNIVERSE IS ABOUT 13 BILLION
YEARS OLD. WHAT IF IT IS NOT?
WHAT IF IT IS NOT?
>> WELL, THAT IS THE PROBLEM.
THIS TELESCOPE IS UPDATING THE
APERTURE AND ALL OF A SUDDEN,
WE REALIZE WE ARE GOING TO HAVE
TO REWRITE ALL THE TEXTBOOKS
ABOUT THE BEGINNING OF THE
UNIVERSE.
NOW, IT TAKES MANY BILLIONS OF
YEARS TO CREATE A GALAXY, LIKE
THE MILKY WAY GALAXY.
IT HAS 100 BILLION STARS.
MANY BILLIONS OF YEARS OLD.
BUT, THE JAMES WEBB TELESCOPE
HAS IDENTIFIED SIX GALAXIES THAT
EXIST PASSED 1 BILLION YEARS
AFTER THE BIG BANG.
THEY WERE UP TO 10 TIMES BIGGER
THAN THE MILKY WAY GALAXY!
THAT SHOULDN'T HAPPEN!
THERE SHOULD NOT BE PRIMORDIAL
GALAXIES THAT ARE BIGGER THAN
THE MILKY WAY GALAXY, THAT ARE
ONLY HALF 1 BILLION YEARS OLD.
SOMETHING IS WRONG.
WE MIGHT HAVE TO REVISE OUR
THEORY OF THE CREATION OF THE
UNIVERSE.
>> AND SO, WE ARE POSSIBLY
LOOKING AT A UNIVERSE THAT IS
MUCH OLDER THAN YOU THINK IT IS?
AND WE ARE ALSO POSSIBLY
LOOKING AT MAYBE THIS IS AN
OPTICAL ILLUSION, ARE THESE THE
TWO OPTIONS HERE?
>> THAT IS RIGHT.
SOME PEOPLE SAY IT IS AN
OPTICAL ILLUSION.
BECAUSE ACCORDING TO EINSTEIN,
GRAVITY CAN ACT LIKE GLASS.
GLASS, OF COURSE, YOU CAN MAKE
IT MAGNIFYING GLASS.
WITH GRAVITY, YOU, TOO, CAN
BEND SPACE AND TIME TO CREATE A
GRAVITY MICROWAVE, LIKE A
MAGNIFYING LENS.
SO, YOU THINK THAT THESE
GALAXIES ARE HUGE, WHEN
ACTUALLY, THEY ARE BABY
GALAXIES.
NOW, I, PERSONALLY, THINK THAT
THESE ARE NOT BABY GALAXIES, AT
ALL.
THEY ARE ACTUALLY MONSTROUS
BLACK HOLES.
BLACK HOLES FORMED AFTER THE
INSTANT OF CREATION, THAT IS
BAFFLING SCIENTISTS, BECAUSE
THEY DON'T SIT IN THE NORMAL
SEQUENCE.
SO, I PERSONALLY BELIEVE THAT
WE ARE ACTUALLY LOOKING AT
MONSTER BLACK HOLES, WHERE
PERHAPS NEW LAWS OF PHYSICS ARE
EMERGING.
AND AGAIN, TO FIGURE ALL THIS
OUT, THERE COULD BE A NOBEL
PRIZE WAITING FOR YOU.
>> I'M SORRY, YOU'RE SAYING
THAT THESE GALAXIES, THESE SIX
GALAXIES THAT LOOKS KIND OF
LIKE GALAXIES, ARE ACTUALLY
BLACK HOLES?
>> YEAH, THAT IS ONE THEORY.
BECAUSE WE THINK THAT AT THE
CENTER OF OUR OWN MILKY WAY
GALAXY, THERE IS A RAGING BLACK
HOLE THAT IS 2 TO 3 MILLION
TIMES MORE MASSIVE THAN OUR
SON.
IN FACT, WE NOW BELIEVE THAT AT
THE CENTER OF ABOUT EVERY
GALAXY IN THE UNIVERSE, THERE
IS A MONSTROUS BLACK HOLE THAT
COULD BE MILLIONS TO BILLIONS
TIMES MORE MASSIVE THAN OUR OWN
SUN.
>> IF THAT IS THE CASE, THEN
YOU ARE GOING TO HAVE TO
REWRITE ALL OF YOUR BOOKS.
I THINK I HAVE TWO OF THEM WITH
YOUR SIGNATURE ON THEM, SO I
THINK YOU WILL HAVE TO RE-SIGN
THOSE NEW ONES AND UPDATE
THOSE.
PROFESSOR, SINCE I HAVE YOU, I
WOULD ALSO LIKE TO ASK YOU
ABOUT THIS DISCOVERY A LOT
CLOSER TO US HERE, ON EARTH.
IT IS ANOTHER THING I THINK YOU
KNOW A LOT MORE ABOUT.
APPARENTLY, IT WAS JUST
DISCOVERED THAT THERE IS A SIX
LAYER OF OUR PLANET DEEP INSIDE
OUR EARTH'S CORE.
WHAT KIND OF KNOWLEDGE DO YOU
THINK THAT COULD POTENTIALLY
UNLOCK?
>> WELL, WHEN YOU SEE THE
TRAGEDY IN TURKEY AND SYRIA,
YOU ASK YOURSELF A SIMPLE
QUESTION, WHY DON'T WE KNOW
WHAT IS UNDERNEATH OUR FEET?
WE HAVE BEEN TO THE MOON, WE
HAVE BEEN TO MARS, OUR PROBES
HAVE GONE PAST JUPITER.
HOW COME WE DON'T KNOW WHAT IS
AT THE CENTER OF THE EARTH?
WELL, HERE IS A CLUE.
THINK OF A SONOGRAM.
A SONOGRAM SHOOTS BEAMS INTO
THE WOMB OF A PREGNANT WOMAN,
THE VIBRATIONS THEN CREATE
ECHOES THAT CAN BE ANALYZED TO
CREATE A PICTURE OF THE UNBORN
CHILD.
WELL, WE CAN NOW THINK ABOUT
SONOGRAM IN THE EARTH.
AN EARTHQUAKE GENERATES ALL
SORTS OF VIBRATIONS THAT ECHO,
RICOCHET INSIDE THE EARTH,
ALLOWING US TO RE-CREATE AN
IMAGE OF THE CENTER OF THE
EARTH.
AND WE FIND SOME ENORMOUSLY
HUGE THINGS.
WE FIND, FOR EXAMPLE, THAT THE
CORE OF THE EARTH SPINS, BUT
THE CRUST OF THE EARTH IS
SPINNING IN THE OPPOSITE
DIRECTION.
SO, THESE LAYERS UNDERNEATH OUR
OWN FEET, CAN ACTUALLY ROTATE
IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS.
WE USED TO THINK THAT THERE
WERE FOUR LAYERS, THE CRUST,
THE MANTLE, FOUR LAYERS INSIDE
THE EARTH.
RECENTLY, WE HAVE PICKED UP
EVIDENCE OF A FIFTH LAYER AT
THE VERY CENTER OF THE EARTH.
SO, WE ARE NOW BASICALLY
SONOGRAM IN THE EARTH.
AND MAYBE -- JUST MAYBE, ONE
DAY -- WE WILL BE ABLE TO USE
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND
SUPERCOMPUTERS TO TAKE APART
THESE ECHOES SO THAT WE CAN GET
EARTHQUAKE PREDICTIONS.
WE ARE NOT THERE YET.
BUT, THINK ABOUT IT, WE CAN
SAVE THE LIVES OF THOUSANDS OF
PEOPLE IF WE CAN SOMEHOW TAKE
THESE ECHOES, RUN IT THROUGH A
COMPUTER, CREATE A MAP OF THE
INSIDE OF THE EARTH, AND
PREDICT WHEN THE NURSE NEXT
EARTHQUAKE WOULD HIT.
I THINK THE PEOPLE OF
CALIFORNIA WOULD REALLY LIKE
THAT DAY WHEN WE CAN DO THAT.
>> I AM SITTING HERE IN L.A.
AND THINKING EXACTLY THAT.
IT SOUNDS LIKE YOU ARE SAYING
THAT WE TAKE EARTHQUAKES THAT
ARE HAPPENING RIGHT NOW, ALMOST
USE LIKE AN ULTRASOUND, AND ALL
WE NEED TO DO IS JUST HAVE THE
TECHNOLOGY TO CAPTURE AN IMAGE
FROM THE ULTRASOUND TO REALLY
KNOW WHAT IS IN THE EARTH, AND
HOW TO PREDICT THAT FOR THE
FUTURE, IS THAT RIGHT?
>> THAT IS RIGHT.
AND THESE ECHOES, THESE ECHOES
OF EARTHQUAKE VIBRATIONS, WE
USED TO THINK THEY WERE
NONSENSE, SUPER COMPLICATED.
BUT WITH SUPERCOMPUTERS AND
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, ONE
DAY, I THINK WE WILL DECIPHER
ALL OF THESE ECHOES, AND BE
ABLE TO CALCULATE THE TENSION
ON THE SAN ANDREAS FAULT, AND
MAYBE ON THE OTHER FAULT LINES,
AND GET EARTHQUAKE PREDICTIONS.
IT IS NOT OUT OF THE QUESTION.
WE CAN'T DO IT YET.
BUT I THINK WITH SUPERCOMPUTERS
AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE, WE
MAY BE ABLE TO DECIPHER THE
ECHOES INSIDE THE EARTH, GIVING
US A SNAPSHOT, A SONOGRAM OF
THE EARTH, ITSELF. >> WOW.
>> WOW.
PROFESSOR, ALWAYS A PRESSURE TO