Here's a question for you.
How can the heart increase the force of contraction?
In fact in thinking about this, kind of
put yourself in the position of the heart.
You know, the heart is working very, very hard
every single day to beat.
And now if you're the heart, let's say this is you.
And you've got to figure this out.
You're working very diligently.
And now the heart is being asked to do even more.
So what's the answer?
How do you actually increase the force of contraction?
Well, you know that there's one form of energy that's
being converted to another.
So that's chemical energy.
And we think of the molecule ATP--
When I say chemical energy, that's
the one I'm kind of thinking about.
--is being converted to mechanical or kinetic energy.
And this process of going from chemical energy
to mechanical energy is creating this kind
of force of contraction.
This is how you're getting the force of contraction.
And there is a specific protein that's
actually allowing you to even do this.
And this protein is going to look a little bit like this.
And this is our the myosin head.
In fact, not even a whole protein,
this is a part of a protein.
So the myosin head is what is actually
allowing you to convert chemical energy into mechanical energy.
And so the question you can actually
rephrase as how do you get more myosin heads working?
That's really kind of the answer to this.
If you wanted more force, you need more myosin heads working.
So if you have, let's say, I don't know.
Let's say you have 100 myosin heads working.
Then how do you get 200?
Or if you have 200, how do you have 500?
So in any case, how do you get more going?
And really to answer this then, we
have to figure out what it is that myosin heads need
to do their job.
So let's start with two key criteria.
So the two key things that we know they need.
One is they need to be nearby actin.
So we know that they need to be working
and nearby another protein called actin.
So if they're far away from actin,
this whole thing's not going to work.
They're not going to be able to do their job.
And remember that there's this issue of polarity.
And all I mean by polarity is that actin actually
has a certain direction.
So not only do they have to be close to actin,
they have to be close to the actin going
in the right direction.
And a second thing is that they actually need calcium.
Calcium needs to bind troponin C.
And why is that?
Well, remember troponin C-- I'm going to write trop C,
but that's troponin C. Troponin C is actually
going to move-- It's going to move tropomyosin out
of the way.
So that's just to kind of remind you of what it does.
And when tropomyosin is moved out of the way
then actin is free to bind myosin.
So these are the two important kind
of things we have to consider.
We need to make sure that our myosin is
nearby actin and that calcium is binding troponin C.
Let me make a little bit of space.
I'm going to pull up something that I drew earlier.
And I thought we could actually split this talk into two parts
because another issue is are we talking
about end of systole or end of diastole?
Or what time point are we talking about exactly?
And of course, it's always nice to kind of label this stuff.
So let's talk about end of diastole on this side.
And on the other side, I'll squeeze in end of systole.
This will be end of systole.
So these are the two time points that I
think are important to kind of discuss separately.
In terms of our two criteria, which of these
are going to meet the criteria?
Well, let's go one a time.
Nearby actin.
So which of these myosin heads is nearby an actin
that it needs to be nearby?
Well, those three for sure.
And then these five are near the correct polarity
as well, as are these five and these three.
But now I've actually not circled
a couple of things here.
I ignored circling these two and these two.
And the reason is because they are actually
nearby actin of the wrong polarity.
And I actually even drew in the arrow heads on the actin,
so you could see what I mean.
They're nearby acting going in the wrong direction, as opposed
to what they would need to bind to.
So I've got a total of how many blue circled the myosin heads?
We have 16.
So remember criteria two is about calcium.
And now let me throw out the random number.
Let's throw up the number 10.
Let's say they're 10 the calciums, calcium ions kind
of floating around.
Actually, let me make it a bigger number just
to illustrate another point.
Let's say 20 calcium ions floating around.
And now let's say that they are going
to have to bind troponin C.
Well, troponin C, let's say, only binds about 50%
of the calciums that are around.
So only 50% bind troponin C. So what are you going to get?
You get 50% times 20.
You have 10 calciums that are going to bind.
And actually let me go ahead and create a dividing line here.
You have 10 calciums that are going to bind.
So let me just sprinkle some calciums, 10 of them in here.
And let's see what happens.
Let's go one, two.
Let's go three.
Let's go four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, and 10.
So 10 calciums there.
And now the question is, how many myosins are working?
So I'm going to just circle-- or with little red arrows,
I'm going to point to the myosin heads that are working,
that satisfy our two criteria.
So, so far, we've got a couple there.
And then we've got this guy here.
We've got this guy here.
We've got one here.
And I think that might-- Oh yeah, we've got one here.
So we've got a total of seven that are working.
So let me actually just write that.
Seven out of 20 myosin heads are working.
So that's not too bad.
But that's not quite even 50%.
But let's just tuck that away.
And let's say that-- And we know this.
--we actually redo this with a strategy in mind.
So the heart actually wants something better than seven.
And we know that the main strategy--
And we've talked about this but really not in this context.
The main strategy for getting more myosin heads working
is going to be called stretch.
So this is kind of if you think of a one word answer
to our initial question, how do you
get more myosin heads working?
You basically stretch.
At least if you're in end of diastole.
That is the answer.
We know that's kind of the key idea.
So let's now bring up a stretched-out version of this
and see what would happen.
So in a stretched out version, you have,
let's say again, 20 calciums here.
And instead of binding 50% of them to troponin C,
we know more of them are going to want to bind because that's
one of the keys with stretching.
You recall that now troponin C is
going to really want to bind to calcium.
So more of it binds.
And that's one of the interesting properties
of troponin C is that it can actually
change its affinity for calcium.
So 15 calciums are going to bind now.
And that's up from just 10 earlier.
And just like before, I'm going to circle the blue myosin
heads that are near actin of the right polarity.
So, so far, we've got five, 10, and basically all of them.
All of them are basically near actin of the right polarity.
So unlike before where some were and some
weren't going to be near actin that they needed to be near.
Here all of them are.
And then I can draw calcium binding randomly.
And I'm going to draw it binding all different parts of actin.
Now you may think, well, why is it binding all the way
to the left over there?
There's no myosin over there?
But remember calcium will just bind troponin C
wherever it darn well feels like.
So it'll bind anywhere.
And even if myosin's not there, it'll still bind there.
So we've got-- Let's make sure I've got that correct.
I think I've got three more to go, one, two, three.
So now we've got a total of, let's say--
I'm going to draw red arrows next to the ones that
are working.
So we've got one myosin here, one here, one here, one here,
one here, here.
Basically anywhere calcium is bound,
I've got a myosin head working.
So now I've got a total of nine out of 20.
So this has actually gone up considerably.
Nine out of 20 are bound.
So this is actually really, really nice to see.
We've actually-- Using stretch, we're
able to recruit a couple more myosin heads to work.
And again, these numbers I'm just throwing out.
So I don't want you to be wedded to the numbers.
But I want you to get the concept.
The concept that stretch actually
helped us increase the amount of myosin
that was converting chemical energy to mechanical force.
Now this is all happening in end diastole.
And that's all well and good.
But what about end systole?
What's happening there?
Well here you can see that basically the end of systole,
the two myosin actin drawings that I have here
look very similar, pretty much the same.
So at the end of systole when everything is contracted down,
the idea of stretch is going to be less relevant here.
That doesn't matter.
So we really need to think of a new strategy
if we want to get more myosin heads working.
And what is that strategy going to be?
Well let's start with our first scenario.
And I'll call these top two Scenario As
and these bottom two Scenario Bs.
So let's go to Scenario A for the end systole.
Let's start with circling which ones have myosin
heads that are capable of working.
So I've got one here and five here.
And you basically see how this is going.
You've got five here and one here.
And that's because there's so much blockage
happening from this whole chunk right here.
Let me draw it a different color.
This whole chunk is basically blocking,
and this whole chunk is basically
blocking because they're the wrong polarity.
Now with criteria two we said you need some calcium binding.
So what's going to happen there?
Well, let's use the same numbers just to keep a really simple.
So let's say 20 calciums and let's say 50% bind troponin C.
Well that gives me the same number as before.
We're going to get a total of 10.
So I've got 10 calciums to play with.
And I'm going to sprinkle those calciums around.
I'm going to put maybe one here, one here, three, let's go four,
five, six, seven, let's go eight, nine, and 10.
So how many actually are going to be working?
How many myosin heads are working?
Here we got one here.
And then of course, these don't work, the ones
in the middle here.
Let me just circle them.
These guys are blocked, both sides so still at just one.
And then I've got one here.
He's working.
And then I've got one here.
He's working.
Now I want to point out I've got calcium here and here.
But I didn't put an arrow next to those guys
because, again, those myosin heads are near actin.
But that calcium is actually binding not the nearby actin.
It's actually binding to the far actin on the other side.
So again those myosin heads will not be working.
So I have a total of three, only a total of three.
So that's not too hot.
That's not too great.
And now the strategy the heart uses in end systole
is not stretch but increased calcium.
So if you just increase the amount of calcium,
then you can actually get a much better outcome.
And this is the key idea and the key strategy that uses.
So let's see how it plays out if you just
increase the amount of calcium.
I'm going to double it to 40, 40 calciums.
This is an incredible number of calciums.
And let's say that 50%-- I'm going
to keep that number the same.
--bind to troponin C. So that number is about the same.
So that leaves me with 20 calciums.
And I can put those 20 anywhere.
So I'm going to sprinkle them around,
there's one, two, three, four, five.
I have so many to bind.
I've got to just bind everywhere.
And let's see where this all goes.
Make sure I get 20 out here.
And let's do something like that.
So that's 20 calciums.
And now let's figure out what we have.
So we have the same as before.
These are the myosin heads that are
going to be near an actin of the right polarity.
So these are the only ones that, from the get go,
we know could potentially work.
And these other ones we know are going
to be blocked by the actin of the wrong polarity.
So that's an easy way to get started.
And then we just have to count things up.
And so let's see what we get.
I did I really didn't plan this.
I am just seeing what I get based on random luck.
So I've got one, two, three, four.
And then I've got on this side, five six, and seven, eight.
So I've pointed arrows to the ones that I think makes sense.
And you can double check that to make sure.
Again you're just looking for a blue circled myosin
with a calcium on the nearby actin.
That sounds like a mouthful.
But I think I got all that out correctly.
So I've got eight out of 20.
So eight out of 20 is definitely better
than what we had earlier.
So our strategy has worked.
We went from three to eight.
And in end diastole went from seven to nine.
So we're definitely seeing improvements.
Now these are the key strategies.
And I just want to remind you that it goes back
to just doing whatever you can to getting the most
mysosins at work.