In the last video I gave a little bit of a hand wavy
explanation about why S-waves don't travel in liquid or air.
What I want to do in this video is give you a little bit more
intuitive understanding of that, and really
go down to the molecular level.
So let's draw a solid.
And it has nice covalent bonds, strong bonds
between the different molecules.
And the bonds are drawn by these lines in between.
So if I were to hit this solid, you
know I have this really small hammer where I just
hit at a molecular level, but if I
were to hit these molecules hard enough so that they move
but not so hard enough that it breaks the bonds,
then essentially what it's going to look
like is this kind of row of molecules
is going to move to the left.
So you're going to have that row of molecules
moving to the left.
And then the row above it won't fully move to the left
just yet, but it will start to get pulled.
So let me just draw all of the bonds.
I'm just drawing all of the same bonds.
Because these are strong bonds that we have in a solid--
Actually, they could be ionic bonds as well.
Because they are strong bonds that we have in this solid,
they'll essentially be pulled.
The top row will be pulled in the direction
of the bottom row.
And so they'll start kind of moving in that direction.
And then the bottom row will essentially recoil back.
And then you fast forward a little bit.
And so then the top row will have moved to the left.
And now the bottom row will start
to move back, especially because, remember,
it's bonded to other things down here.
It's bonded to more of the solid down here.
So it would move back.
And you can see this transverse wave,
you can see this S-wave propagating.
Essentially right over here the kind of peak of the S-wave
is here.
Now it has moved up.
Now, let's think about the exact same situation
with the liquids.
In liquids you don't have these strong ionic or covalent bonds
between the different molecules.
You just have these weak kind of bonds,
usually formed due to polarity.
So in a liquid, water's a good example,
you just have these kind of weaker bonds formed
because water is a polar molecule.
So the kind of half-way polar sides
or the half-way positive sides are somewhat
attracted to the half-way negative sides.
So they kind of flow past each other.
But if I were to hit these water molecules right here
with my hammer, what would happen?
Well, they're definitely going to start moving to the left.
And actually, this one's going to bump into that one, which
is going to bump into that, which
is going to bump into that one.
They're going to move to the left.
But these molecules aren't going to move with them.
You could view it as it's going to break
that very weak bond due to polarity.
They're going to move away from each other.
Let me draw these top molecules in green.
They're essentially just going to flow past each other.
They're going to flow past each other.
And this guy might have had also weak bonds with stuff below it,
too.
I should draw it as dotted lines.
But because of the impact here, these guys
are just going to flow.
They're actually going to compress in this direction.
You're going to have a P-wave, a compression wave,
go in this direction, where this one bumps into that one,
and then goes back, and then this one bumps into that one
and goes back, and then this one bumps into that one.
But the bonds aren't strong enough,
and it's even more the case with air,
but the bonds aren't strong enough for these blue guys
to take these green guys for a ride.
And the bonds are also not strong enough
for the adjacent molecules to kind of help
these blue guys to retract to their original position.
So when I talked about the elasticity in the last video
that's what I was talking about.
The bonds aren't strong enough to cause the things that
have deformed to kind of move back to where they were,
and also the bonds aren't strong enough
to allow the things that are deformed
to pull other things with it.
And so that's why, in general, S-waves only travel in solid,
and they won't travel in liquid or air.