[music]
Water.
In the arid Western United States, it seems there's almost never enough of it. But the biggest use of water in the West
isn't for drinking. It's for growing food. Agriculture consumes about 90% of
the water diverted by humans in western states. As the demand for water increases, the pressures on
to make sure every drop counts.
It's tricky business gauging how much water farm fields are consuming, let alone how much water is seemingly evaporating into thin air.
That's where water specialists Tony Morse, Rick Allen, and Bill Kramber come in.
They're taking a long view of the problem - a very long view.
They're stuyding farms from space. [Tony Morse:] "The best general view.
That is what remote sensing from space gives us. We get to see the relationships -
- the spacial relationships - between elements that are too far apart
for us to see them and understand them when we're walking around on the ground."
Landsat satellites take images in the visible spectrum. But they also capture images in wavelengths invisible
to the eye. Landsat's thermal imager captures infrared data, which clues scientists in to
how much water agricultural growers are using. [Bill Kramber:] "We can map where water is being
applied and used, but we can also see how much water is used - which is very important for
applications here at Water Resources." How can something like a thermal measurement tell us
about water use? It's due to a familiar phenomenon - evaporation, or in this case,
evapotranspiration. The term simply refers to evaporation of water from the soil,
plus transpiration - the release of water through plants' leaves.
As farmers irrigate crops, evapotranspiration causes the field to cool.
The temperature difference is invisible to the eye, but it captured by Landsat's infrared measurements.
[Rick Allen:] "So by looking at cool areas and warm areas, in some ways, that can tell us whether there's enough water
to supply the needs of a plant, whether the plants are dry because of lack of water."
Several satellites have thermal imagers that can help measure evapotranspiration. But Landsat
offers advantages. Landsat instruments capture a wide enough area to get the big picture, and the
spatial resolution is high enough to not only make out individual irrigation projects, but to discern individual fields.
[Rick Allen:] "That is so powerful because we know that every field has its own behavior
its own characteristics, its own rate of development. We're now able to
pinpoint water consumption on a field by field basis which has never been possible before."
The information helps farmers and water managers target fields where water consumption might exceed water rights.
Tony, Rick and Bill's measurements have even been used to settle water rights conflicts in court.
For their innovative use of the Landsat data, the team was awarded
a 2009 Harvard University Innovations in American Govenrment award. And they're depending on Landsat to deliver information
as water becomes even more scarce. [Tony Morse:] "Our water supply is going to
come under increasing pressure form a changing climate, and a growing population.
We have to be able to measure water use in order to be able to
be able to manage it." [Rick Allen:] We are convinced that over the next twenty to thirty years, we will have
millions of people in developing countries impacted with a more sustainable food supply
brought by better management of water. And that water management is going to
be propelled by the use of satellite technology."
As our planet changes, Landsat's over 25 year thermal record plays a crucial role in helping us
understand how we've used water up until now... and how to make it last well into the future.