JUDY WOODRUFF: We conclude our series on the fight against influenza examining what many
people believe is the best potential weapon against the disease: a universal vaccine that
would protect against not just a few strains of the virus, but possibly all of them.
William Brangham has the latest on this potentially game-changing research.
WILLIAM BRANGHAM: The saying goes, know your enemy, so, when it comes to an enemy like
influenza, researchers at the Vaccine Research Center are getting up close and personal with
the virus.
WOMAN: So this is the site in yellow.
WILLIAM BRANGHAM: Using virtual reality, this team, which is part of the National Institutes
of Health, has enlarged influenza over 200 million times its normal size to search inside
for the best line of attack.
WOMAN: And this is actually where the virus binds to a human cell, in pink.
WILLIAM BRANGHAM: To those who've spent decades in this field, like Dr. Barney Graham, these
new tools are a big leap forward.
DR.
BARNEY GRAHAM, Deputy Director, Vaccine Research Center: To me, the really amazing part of
this is that, when I came to this center 20 years ago, we were just dissolving flu viruses
and injecting them and hoping for the best.
And now we can actually see what we're doing.
WILLIAM BRANGHAM: They want to design a better weapon against flu.
The Holy Grail is what's called the universal influenza vaccine, a shot that would protect
against all known and unknown strains of the virus.
Dr. Anthony Fauci heads the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
He says these new techniques may finally make this potent tool a reality.
DR.
ANTHONY FAUCI, Director, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: Several
years ago, I wouldn't have been able to give you even an approximation of when that would
be, because the science wasn't giving us the clues that we could actually do that.
Now, with these exquisite techniques of structure-based vaccine design, I think we are in shooting
distance, as it were.
WILLIAM BRANGHAM: As it stands now, every year, public health officials manufacture
a flu vaccine to target what they predict will be the next seasonal flu virus strains
to spread around the world.
That's what goes into our yearly flu shot.
DR.
JEREMY BROWN, National Institutes of Health: The reason that it must be given every year
is that the virus itself mutates, and it's unrecognizable often from one year to the
next.
WILLIAM BRANGHAM: Dr. Jeremy Brown studies emergency medicine at the National Institutes
of Health, and wrote the book "Influenza: The Hundred-Year Hunt to Cure the Deadliest
Disease in History."
Brown points out there's no other virus we have to keep vaccinating against year after
year, not polio, not mumps, not rubella, only influenza.
DR.
JEREMY BROWN: This shape-shifter of a virus is the thing, a , that keeps everybody on
their toes, because you can be looking at one virus and produce a vaccine for it, and
unbeknownst to everybody, even with the best science that we have out there, unbeknownst
to everybody, the virus changes just a little bit, it becomes unrecognizable to the immune
system, and does its damage.
WILLIAM BRANGHAM: And that vaccine from the prior strain is worthless.
DR.
JEREMY BROWN: And vaccine from the prior strain is worthless against that new strain.
WILLIAM BRANGHAM: Not only does seasonal flu change, but every now and then, a brand-new
so-called novel strain emerges.
And that's what has the potential to create a deadly global flu pandemic.
One of these novel strains is what killed an estimated 50 to 100 million people back
in 1918.
The Spanish Flu is considered the worst natural disaster in recorded human history.
It's what public health officials worry could happen again today.
DR.
ANTHONY FAUCI: We have got to be able to have something that, when a new pandemic virus
emerges, we already have something ready on the shelf to do something about it, something
that you could make, and it would be usable so that, when you stockpile it, it really
is a stockpile.
This part of the virus doesn't change.
WILLIAM BRANGHAM: To do that, Fauci says, they have to develop a vaccine that targets
a section of the flu virus that doesn't shift from strain to strain, one that presents a
more consistent target.
DR.
ANTHONY FAUCI: That's the whole strategy of the universal flu vaccine.
And even when it makes a big change to become a pandemic, that that vaccine will be good
against any iteration of the virus.
WILLIAM BRANGHAM: Just last month, the National Institutes of Health began human trials of
their latest universal flu vaccine.
MAN: Just relax your muscle.
WILLIAM BRANGHAM: Study volunteers receive a dose of the prototype.
Researchers will later monitor their blood to see if their immune systems react and develop
a strong defense.
MAN: You did great.
WILLIAM BRANGHAM: But Anthony Fauci says we still have a long way to go.
DR.
ANTHONY FAUCI: Are we completely prepared so that, if we get a pandemic flu, we're going
to be OK?
No.
If we get a pandemic flu, we will do much better than we would have done years ago,
but we're not going to be OK.
We're not going to be OK.
WILLIAM BRANGHAM: Preliminary results from the universal vaccine trials will be coming
soon.
For the "PBS NewsHour," I'm William Brangham.