hello all this is dr alsup and it couldn't be more appropriate that the last osteology
dissection video would have so much osteology to explore it has been such an important component
throughout this course and it is certainly the case in the terrigo paletine fossa and palette
session so let's get started all right we're going to start with this lateral view of the cranium
and look first anteriorly at the zygomatic bone which you can see right around this region
and right on the anterior surface of the zygomatic is the zygomatico facial foramen which i am
circling around there and so you can see it's a very small foramen and it is where the zygomatico
facial neurovasculature will traverse so very well named and one other thing that you can see here
is this inferior projection which i'm outlining and this is the pterygoid hamulus this projection
this is a projection of the medial pterygoid plate which what you're seeing right here is the lateral
pterygoid i hope you can kind of see how this is a bit more medially oriented than this lateral
pterygoid plate the tendon of that tensor valley palatini is going to be located running along the
hamulus and the hamulus also serves as a superior attachment of the pterygomandibular raphae
all right looking at a more anterior view and focusing on structures of the maxilla
this portion of bone that is in nearest proximity to the zygomatic bone is the zygomatic
process so it has to be on the maxillary bone here but it's the part that is closest
to the zygomatic you can see the suture right here so this would be the zygomatic process
and it is going to be posterior lateral to this next structure which is the infraorbital
foramen very fairly nice and large and obvious and hopefully we're becoming familiar that this is how
the infraorbital neurovascular will traverse the region and kind of inferior to the infraorbital
foramen but above the alveolar processes is going to be the canine fossa which is this
depression right in this area don't confuse with the incisive fossa which is more anteriorly placed
okay so moving into a posterior lateral view this is one of my favorite views you can see a lot of
cool things in this region um in the more post so this is the maxilla
right here and i know that we know that because there's teeth here so we're looking at the
posterior portions of the maxilla and they're going to be two ish sometimes more sometimes
left less alveolar foramina and it's through these foramina that the posterior superior alveolar
neurovasculature are going to enter into the maxillary region to serve the molar
portion sometimes you see these a little bit more inferiorly as well and now one of
my all-time favorites let's identify the pteryomaxillary fissure i'm going to outline the fissure
which goes a little bit higher up there but i'm just going to show what we can see
and so what i have outlined is the targo maxillary fissure it is going to be a relatively wide
fissure between the pterygoid process and the the posterior maxilla and if you can see that darker
space as you move immediately you are into or it's leading into the pterygopalatine fossa what
is not visible here but deep within there is the sphenopalatine foramen or opening that leads into
the nasal cavity so you can kind of go from the targo maxillary fissure into the pterygopalatine
fossa and then kind of on the deeper wall of that region you'll have this phenopalatine foramen
okay now we are looking at the uh we are looking at a the anterior portions excuse me
i had a loss of words because this this picture is so uh it's so nice so we're
looking at the anterior portions of a superior view of the basocranium or the the base of the
the cranium and let's go back to things that i think we always feel familiar with here is
your foramen ovale we're getting into that petrous part of the temporal bone right here
and right around here is going to be the groove for the greater petrosal
and where i'm going to draw this arrow or where i'm kind of drawing over is going to be the hiatus
of the greater petrosal nerve and this is going to be just posterior to the frame and a valley in
anterior to the petrous part of the temporal bone and it's going to be continuous with the groove
of the greater petrosal and it looks like it's heading towards this foramen
lacerum region as well as where you're going to have that internal opening for the carotid canal
right around here-ish which is how that internal carotid artery is getting into the region
so that hiatus is a very small region but that is kind of where it is getting into
um how it's going to get to where it's heading for which is going to be the
pterygoid canal and we'll talk about that in a bit more detail in a subsequent slide
all right we are looking at an inferior view with a focus on the hard palate region
and when discussing the hard palate since it has the word pallet in it it seems logical to
think that the palatine bones would make up the majority of the hard palate but it's actually
the maxillary bones that form the majority anterior part right here and in its most
anterior portion between and kind of posterior to your central incisors will be the incisive foramen
this uh this is the foramen by which the nasopalatin nerve traverses and the nasopalatine
nerve will provide afferent innervation to those anterior portions of the hard palate
next let's locate the greater palatine foramen and it's going to be about in this region
right here and usually it is going to be kind of medial to the second molar you can see on this
particular donor this individual that is actually a bit more posterior and closer to the third so
that's a variation there but it's going to be on a larger scale than these lesser palatine foramina
excuse me and so the lesser palatine foramina are going to be posterior they're going to be smaller
and they are typically paired or there could be even more than two foramina associated
with the lesser palatine and this is where the lesser palatine neurovasculature will traverse
and it's within the the pyramidal process so i'm just going to draw a nice p p right here where the
the lesser palatine foramina are going to be located so it's within this pyramidal process
which is going to be a bit more kind of built up and robust than the flatter horizontal plate which
is very well named and it's exactly what it sounds like these are these flat areas of bone that lie
horizontally and where the right and the left palatine bones meet up and the also where the soft
palate as well as the palatine aponeurosis will have an attachment on its posterior most border
and where they project most posteriorly right here is referred to as the posterior nasal
spine last but not least let's discuss the foramen with serum and i'm going to kind of circle
this area right here and so the foramen with serum is this irregularly shaped foramen
that's going to be posterior medial to the foramen valley important to note in life this foramen is
completely closed by a cartilage plate with a very few small openings and the greater
petrosal nerve will go through this region to join with the deep petrossal nerve which are
going to be formed by postganglionic sympathetics to form the nerve of the pterygoid canal
and so that pterygoid canal is going to be in this region right in here and it's a very small
area so as long as you understand the concept of where that is and that it's leading into the
pterygoid canal that is um where you're going to have the nerve of the pterygoid
canal meeting with the pterygopalatine ganglion in the pterygopalatine fossa so it is in this small
little area right here that you're going to have that pterygoid canal so foramen lacerum right here
and you can see on this side it looks different than it did on the other side and that's all to
do with however the cartilage kind of uh formed around the bone in that region all right so
that does it for the osteology for this course congratulations on your excellent explorations
here thank you for your time and attention and as always please reach out if you have any questions