- I'm guessing that you've had the experience of rubbing
a balloon against your hair and then when you take
the balloon away from your hair, your hair sticks up.
And if you haven't had that experience,
you might think about trying to lead
a more rich and fun life,
but I'm guessing most of you all have done that.
And you had a sense that it had something to do with the
balloon or your hair, somehow exchanging charge or now
one is going to be more positive or negative than the other,
and so now they are somehow attracted.
And if you were thinking of those things,
you are generally right.
What you just experienced after you rubbed the balloon
on your head, and then your hair is now attracted
to the balloon, that's actually called
the triboelectric effect, let me write that down,
tribo, triboelectric, electric effect.
And human beings have been observing this
for a long long time, and it wasn't necessarily
with balloons at birthday parties or whatever,
it's with other things, they rub a silk cloth on a piece
of glass and then they'll see that there's some type
of attraction, or they might see that if they
do that enough, one of the objects might discharge
when it touches another object.
People have observed things like lightning,
where it looks like there's some type of a buildup
and some type of a potential and then all of a sudden
it discharges and you have this lightning and then this
thunder blast sound that happens too.
So this is something that humans have observed
for a long long time, and scientists or people with a,
I guess you could say a scientific mind have been trying
to understand it for a long long time, and trying to come up
with a framework for what exactly is happening.
Well lucky for us, we now have a framework for it
that explains it quite well.
And that framework for what is going on
with that triboelectric effect,
is a framework around charge.
Is a framework that we now have around charge.
And this tells us, this way of looking at the world,
says look, there's some things
that just have a property called charge.
Some things have a positive charge,
Some things have a positive charge, and it's somewhat
of an arbitrary name, we just happen to call it positive.
And some things have what we say is an opposite charge,
or a negative charge, a negative charge.
We could have called this the magenta charge,
and this the green charge, we could have called this
the hippopotamus charge and this the ostrich charge.
And we could have said that hippopotami, I believe plural
for hippopotamus, they're always attracted to ostriches,
but they always repel other hippopotami, and likewise.
The like charges repel or like hippo...
You get the general idea.
But I'll stick to the words that people are used to using.
And so if we say something has a charge,
say a positive charge,
and something else has a negative charge,
then in our framework that we're setting up,
these two things are going to attract.
So opposite charges are going to attract,
while like charges are going to repel.
So if you have a positive charge,
and you have a positive charge,
these things are going to accelerate,
are going to accelerate away from each other.
And that's not just true for positive positive,
that's also true for negative and negative,
these two things are going to repel
because they are like charges.
Now it's very interesting to think about this
because we are so used to thinking in terms of charge,
even you know if, especially in kind of the world
of electricity you have the positive and negative terminal.
You think of charging up your phone or whatever else.
That it seems like, we completely, charge is just something
that is fundamental about the universe,
and that's true to some, that's true,
but you'd have to appreciate that these are arbitrary words
and they're really just to describe a property
that we have observed in the world.
And if you go down to the atomic level, we can get to
a fundamental level of where the charge is happening.
But once again, these are really models
for our brain to describe, these are frameworks and models
for our brain to be able to predict and describe
what we observe in the world.
But if we run with this model,
we can imagine at the atomic scale,
the nuclei of atoms are composed of protons and neutrons.
So if you have some protons, and then you have
some neutrons, I'll do two of each, you have some neutrons,
and based on this framework, protons have a positive charge.
Protons have a positive charge.
Now once again, this convention of calling them positive
and putting a plus on it, it's not like protons have
a little plus sign tattooed onto them somehow.
We could have called those, we could have said
they have a red charge, or we could have even said,
we wouldn't of had to even use the word charge,
this is just a convention that we have decided to use.
And so we say protons have positive charge and then,
kind of buzzing around the nucleus of an atom, you often,
or usually, or often have electrons.
Electrons have a lot less mass.
Mass is another interesting thing.
We associate mass as just, oh this is just something
that we get, we understand it in our everyday life,
but even mass, this is just a property of objects,
it's just a property of matter,
and we feel like we understand it because on our scales
we understand notions of things like weight and volume,
but even mass can get quite exotic.
But anyway, the whole point of this video is
not to talk about mass, it's to talk about charge.
But all of these things that we talk about in physics,
these are just properties that will help us deal
with these notions, these behaviors in different frameworks.
But anyway, let's get back to this little atom
that I was constructing.
So this atom, let's say it has two electrons,
and obviously this is not drawn to scale,
and each of these electrons have a negative charge,
and they're kind of jumping around here,
buzzing around this nucleus of this atom.
And the reason why, this model, even going down
to the atomic scale and thinking in protons and electrons
is interesting, is that it allows us to start explaining
what is happening in the triboelectric effect.
What is happening in the triboelectric effect is when you
rub that balloon on your hair, because of the property
of the balloon, the material of the balloon,
and the materials of your hair,
when they come in contact and they rub,
the balloon is grabbing electrons from your hair.
So the balloon is grabbing electrons from your hair,
and so it is getting more negatively charged,
it is getting more negatively charged,
and your hair is getting more positively charged,
or essentially it's lost these electrons.
And so when you put the balloon now close to your hair,
remember like charges repel each other,
so the electrons in your hair try to move away
from these other electrons, the negative charge tries to
move away from the negative charge,
and I guess you could say that
the tips of your hair will then become more positive.
Are more positive and they will be attracted,
and they will be attracted to the balloon.
So we can think about what's happening in terms
of transfer of electrons, that's exactly what's happening.
And so when you think that way, it's like ok,
we are scientists, this is a nice model,
we can start to think about what's happening here.
This model actually explains a whole ton of behavior
that we've observed in the universe, including things like,
lightning and whatever else, you know the static shock
that you get when you might touch a doorknob
after rubbing your shoes along the carpet.
But we like to start, we like to quantify things,
so we can start seeing how much they repel
or how much they attract each other.
And so the fundamental unit of charge,
or one of the fundamental units of charge,
or I guess you could say the elementary unit of charge
is defined in terms of the charge
of a proton or an electron.
So the fundamental, or I guess you could say the
elementary unit of charge is denoted by the letter e,
and this is the charge of a proton,
this is e for elementary, charge of proton.
And the charge of an electron, even though an electron has a
much, much, much, much smaller mass than a proton,
most of the mass of an atom is
from the protons and the neutrons.
So an electron has a much, much smaller mass
than the protons and the neutrons,
but it has the same but opposite charge as a proton.
So sometimes the convention is to write negative e,
or maybe even negative one e, sometimes depending on
whether you view this as a kind of the actual charge
or whether you view this as a unit,
but here I'll view this as the actual charge.
You could view negative e as the charge,
as the charge of an electron.
And something that has no charge,
like a neutron, we say they're neutral,
and actually that is why they are called neutrons,
because they are neutral, they don't have charge.
So that right over there, that over there is, is a neutron.
Now when we start to get on kind of a larger scale,
not on a sub-atomic scale anymore,
talking about electrons and protons, the unit of charge,
in general the unit of charge that we typically use
is the coulomb, is the coulomb.
Coulomb, it's named for Charles Augustin de Coulomb,
so if we're talking about the guy, and he was
an 18th Century French physicist, we would use capital C,
but if we're talking about the units,
we would use lowercase c, the coulomb, the coulomb.
And the coulomb is defined, so one coulomb,
let me write it right over here, one coulomb
and it uses the abbreviation uppercase C, is equal,
or I'll say approximately equal to,
we're going to round here, it's approximately equal to
6.24, 6.24 times 10 to the eighteenth e, or you could say,
in magnitude wise, it's equal to the charge
of 6.24 times 10 to the eighteenth protons,
or magnitude wise,
it would be the opposite if you're talking about electrons,
it would be 6.24 times 10 to the eighteenth electrons.
Now if you want to go the other way around,
what is the charge of, the magnitude of the charge
of say a proton in terms of coulombs,
well you would just take the inverse of this.
So you could say that e is approximately equal to
the inverse of this which is 1.60,
I guess you could say the reciprocal of this,
1.60 times 10 to the negative 19,
times 10 to the negative 19 coulombs.
So hopefully this gives you an appreciation for,
I guess at a base level, what charge is.
And in some ways it's like it's this everyday thing,
you're used to it, we're used to dealing with electricity
and we'll talk much more about that in depth.
But at some levels it is this thing,
one of the mysteries of the universe,
how did these two particles know to attract each other,
you know it looks like they're at a distance,
how do they immediately exert a force on each other.
how do these particles know immediately to repel each other,
it's not like they have a wire connecting them
that they're communicating somehow,
or I guess once you get to quantum mechanical,
an argument can be made that they are communicating somehow.
But in our everyday, kind of logical sense,
it's like well at a distance,
how do these things actually know to repel or attract,
and what is this charge anyway?
You know we've put all these names around it
but to kind of help us think about it and have a framework
and predict what will happen.
But do we really know what this charge thing is.
So on one level it's kind of plain and mundane,
and it deals with balloons and hair,
but on another level it's this deep thing
about this universe, it's a deep property of matter
that we can manipulate and we can predict, but it is still
this very fundamental and somewhat mysterious thing.