- [Instructor] We are told that researchers suspect
that myopia, or nearsightedness,
is becoming more common over time.
A study from the year 2000 showed 132 cases of myopia
in 400 randomly selected people.
A separate study from 2015 showed 228 cases
in 600 randomly selected people.
So what we're going to do in this video
is do a hypothesis test to see if we have evidence
to suggest the researcher suspicion that myopia
is becoming more common over time.
If at any point you are inspired, I encourage you
to pause the video and try to work through things
on your own, but here I go.
I'm going to do it with you.
So let's just start off by setting our null
and alternative hypothesis.
So remember, our null hypothesis, this would be that
the known news here.
So that would be that contrary to their suspicions,
that myopia is not becoming more common.
And so the way that we're measuring more common over time
is we could look at the proportion of folks
who have myopia in 2015 and compare that
to the proportion in 2000.
So our null hypothesis is that there's no difference.
Is that the true proportion of folks who have myopia
in 2015 is equal to the proportion of folks
who have myopia in 2000.
And then our alternative hypothesis, remember,
they are, they suspect it's becoming more common over time.
So that would be a situation where our true proportion
in 2015 is greater than the true proportion in 2000.
In this scenario, myopia would be becoming
more common over time because 2015 happens after 2000.
So before we even go about testing our null hypothesis,
seeing if we can reject or not,
which would suggest our alternative,
you have to look at your conditions for inference.
And we've done this many times before.
You have your random condition, and it looks like
we meet that because in both of the samples we have 400
randomly selected people, randomly selected people.
So that looks good.
Then you have your normal condition.
And to meet your normal condition, your number of successes
and failures in each of the samples have to be at least 10.
And we see that that is the case.
We have 132 successes so to speak, not that it's a success
for someone to have myopia, but the way this is
being constructed that would be a success.
And then 400 minus 132 failures.
In each case, either of those numbers
would be greater than 10.
And same thing for the sample from 2015,
so we're meeting both of those.
And then the last condition that we always talk about,
is the independence condition.
And two ways to get there, either you are sampling
with replacement or you feel good that your sample size
is no more than 10 percent of the population.
And I think it is safe to say that even this larger sample
of 600, that there is more than 6,000 people out there.
And so I think it's reasonable to say that we're meeting
that independence condition.
Even though they're not making it explicit here.
But it's good to always think about this.
Now the next thing you wanna do in a hypothesis test
is set your significance level, your alpha.
And I'll set my significance level to 0.05.
So we're not going to assume the null hypothesis
and say, well what is the probability of getting a
difference between 2015 and 2000 that is at least
as large as the one that we got.
And in that probability is less than our significance level
then we would reject our null hypothesis
and that would suggest the alternative.
If that probability is greater than our significance level,
then we fail to reject the null hypothesis
and we fail to have evidence for the researchers suspicion.
So let's move ahead with that.
So what we wanna do, let's come up with a Z value,
or a Z score.
So our Z is going to be equal to a sample proportion
in 2015 minus our sample proportion in 2000.
All of that over a standard deviation of the
sampling distribution of the difference between
the sample proportions in 2015 and 2000.
Now, this is going to be, and I will say approximately
equal to, we can calculate this numerator exactly,
but this denominator we are going to estimate.
So this numerator is going to be, let's see, in 2015,
I'll use some different colors, 2015 we have 228
cases out of 600.
So it's 228 out of 600.
And then in 2000, we have 132 cases out of 400.
So minus 132 over 400.
And then all of that over the square root.
And what we use in the denominator here,
under the radical sign, is we use the combined proportion.
Could write that as P hat sub C.
And the reason why we use the combined proportion,
we talked about this in previous videos,
is remember, when we do a hypothesis test,
we assume that our null hypothesis is true.
And if our null hypothesis is true there's no difference
between our proportions in 2015 and 2000.
And so to get a better estimate of the true proportion,
well we should just add up our samples.
So our sample size would be 600 plus 400
and the number of cases of myopia would be 228 plus 132.
Plus 132.
Which would get us to, what is this, 360 over 1000
which is equal to 0.36.
And there, and we can use that inside the expression
when we're trying to estimate our standard deviation
of this sampling distribution.
So this is going to be 0.36 times one minus 0.36,
which would be 0.64 over the sample size in 2015,
which is 600, plus 0.36 times 0.64
over the sample size in 2000, which is equal to 400.
And let's see, before I even get my calculator out,
I think I can simplify this a little bit.
228 over 600, 228 divided by 6 is going to be
equal to 38, so this would be 0.38.
Let's see, 132 divided by four would be 33,
so this would be 0.33.
And so our entire numerator is going to be 0.05, 0.05.
And so noW I can put this into my calculator
and I will get 0.05 divided by the square root of,
let's see, I'm gonna have 0.36 times 0.64 divided by 600
plus 0.36 times 0.64 divided by 400 is going to get me
approximately 1.61.
So this is going to be approximately 1.61.
And so one way to think about it is,
the difference that we got between our sample proportions,
between 2015 and 2000 of 0.05, but that is 1.61 standard
deviations above our mean of our sampling distribution,
if we assume that the null hypothesis is true.
And so from this, we can calculate our P value.
Remember, our P value, our P value is equal to
the probability that our Z score is at least that big,
is greater than or equal to 1.61.
And one way to think about it, if you look at the
sample distribution, I really could just look at any
normal distribution now since we normalized for a Z,
so we're looking at 1.61 standard deviations above the mean.
So Z is equal to 1.61.
So we're thinking about this area right over here.
That would be our P value.
And to help us with that, we can get out a Z table.
And we see this Z table gives us the cumulative area
up to some Z score, and so we would just have to
whatever this gives us, we would just
have to do one minus that.
So if we go to 1.61, we get 0.9463.
So it would be one minus 0.9463.
Is equal to one minus 0.9463, which is equal to,
let's see, it's 0.0537.
And notice, this P value is ever so slightly higher
than our significance level.
But this is why we wanna set our significance level
ahead of time.
We don't wanna get tempted to say oh, I'm so close,
let me just raise my significance level a little bit more
so that I can reject my null hypothesis
and then I can have something
that I can tell my friends about.
No, that would not be good science.
That would not be good statistics.
We have to be disciplined.
So here, because our P value, our P value is greater
than our significance level, even though it's very,
it's by a very small amount,
we fail to reject our null hypothesis.
And another way to think about it, in terms of the context
of the question, we can say that there is not
enough evidence to suggest that myopia
becoming more common over time.
Myopia becoming more common over time.
And we're done.